Dealing With The Issues Of The Environment Commerce Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2790 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The dissertation topic deals with the environment of Century Inks which is an SME based in a developing country like India. SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s i.e. Small-medium sized enterprises have been defined in various ways taking into consideration carious constraints like employment, turnover, investment in land and machinery. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dealing With The Issues Of The Environment Commerce Essay" essay for you Create order For example in UK, under sections 382 and 465 of Companies Act 2006, SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s have been classified under two categories, namely Small and Medium Size according to their turnover and employment. A small enterprise is one which employs less than 50 people and has a turnover of not more than  £6.5 million along with a balance sheet total of not more than  £3.26 million. A medium-scale enterprise is one which employs less than 250 people and has a turnover not more than 25.9 million along with a balance sheet total of not more than  £12.9 million. In USA, the definition is not the same for all types of industries and depends on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"size standardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of the company. For example most of the manufacturing and mining, industry fall under small enterprises if they employ less than 500 people. However, for Wholesale Trade Industry a small scale enterprise is one which employs less than 100 people. Similarly, in Service Industries and Heavy Construction Industry, the constraint is the annual receipt rather than employment. The definition of small businesses is given by Small Business Administration (SBA) Size Standards Office which is a government department to deal with benefits associated to SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s(1). In India, MSMED Act 2006, firms have been classified into two categories i.e. Service and Manufacturing. They have been further classified under three categories namely Micro, Small and Medium according to their investment in equipment (for services), plant machinery (manufacturing). Century Inks falls under the category of Small Scale enterprise engaged in manufacturing activity as it has an investment of more than Rs 25 lakhs ( £36,000 approximately) and less than Rs.5 crores( £720,000 approximately) in its plant and machinery. Hence an SME in USA might not necessarily be regarded as one in India as different countries have different definitions of an SME. Accordingly, they are rendered with certain benefits due to their small size and nature of business. Interestingly, government from various developing and developed countries look to provide certain benefits to SME and start-up organisations as they are believed to generate large employment, bring about innovation in products and services their contribution to the national income. Another striking difference between SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and MNEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s is the ownership. Most SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are initiated by a family member who is an entrepreneur who sets up the business and the ownership is then transferred to a close family member and decision-making is mostly autocratic. This is often the case in countries like India, Pakistan and Bangladesh etc. where the culture is more family-oriented. This forms a key part of the internal business environment for SME firms. The equity of the SME is confined to close members of the family and the decision-making is autocratic. The managerial positions are taken up by family members irrespective of their qualifications or expertise. This is a double-edged sword which has its own advantages and disadvantages. In a family oriented business, decision-making is faster and there is a lot of trust between the members of the organisation which reduces transactional uncertainties. They have long-term goals and do not look for short-term profits. They develop strong ties which are long-lasting with their employees, suppliers and customers. The disadvantages are that shareholders misuse their power for their own benefits rather than looking at overall benefit of the firm. Also, it is not necessary that the successor possesses the expertise and managerial entrepreneurial skills like the founder family member which might lead to failure or deteriorating performance of the firm. This also limits the opportunity for deserving employees to take up top managerial positions (Wenyi Chu, 2009). MNEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s on the other hand though having large equity holding amongst the founding family membersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ show a more corporate governance structure where ownership and management are often different. The influence of family ownership on SME performance: evidence from public firms in Taiwan Wenyi Chu https://www.lib.strath.ac.uk/busweb/guides/smedefine.htm https://www.bankofindia.com/smepol.aspx India is a developing country and every country has a unique business environment. There are various elements that constitute the business environment of a particular firm or business. The environment includes competitors, buyers, suppliers, financial institutions, government, and law etc. which affects a way a firm conducts its business. The business might be sensitive towards one or more of those elements of the business environment and it might affect their strategy and survival. Hence, it is important to understand and analyse the environment of a particular business and use it our advantage. High labour regulations, power shortage, access to finance and corruption are four major obstacles affecting small-business growth in India and are a big part of the environment in evolving economy like India. Corruption plays an important role and impacts the other three obstacles and has also led to uneven growth rates of SME. (Maddalena Honnorati Taye Mengistae, 2007). Corruption is one of the major elements of the business environment in India and more so for Small-scale businesses as they lack the power to influence governments and bureaucrats which MNEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s seem to have a good hold over. Access to finance is another important factor which is a major obstacle to SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s due to high rates of interests, lack of collateral securities etc. Often, firms remain small throughout due to the lack of adequate finance and conservative nature of Indian firms. Labour regulations power shortages are more subjective to industry type and the region/state you condu ct your manufacturing activity. Other factors affecting the growth of SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in developing countries are access to information, technological advancement, culture, competition, government regulations and environmental constraints. According to Stephenson. K. Arinaitwe of Breyer State University technology, access to finance and infrastructure as the main reasons constraints of SME. He explains why small firms do not invest in technology due to reasons of poor access to finance and volatility in the market. He believes that SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s were less capable of taking advantage of technological advancement and are still backward in use of accounting system and quality standards (Stephenson. K. Arinaitwe). Culture and Competition are factors which are bound be there in every environment where business is conducted. Environmental constraints is a less relevant factor for firms in developing countries as compared to developed countries as more focus is laid on following environmental regulations i n advanced countries where the people are aware and concerned about the environmental issues. Technological advancement and access to information finance are a key part of the overall business infrastructure which form a part of the macro-environment and is largely affected by government policies. Government affects the nature and pace of SME development in direct and indirect ways through its policies like tax, interest rates, subsidies, developing infrastructure and even direct support. Previous researches maintained that setup of new SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s was more due to the result of creativity and commitment of individuals but failed to take into consideration the impact of macro-environment on the strategy and operations of SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s which was largely dependent on government policies and regulations. The burden of compliance costs i.e. cost associated with understanding government legislations, adhering to them, hiring tax professionals and lawyers or training employees for changing laws on SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are more compared to larger firms as they have limited resources compared to MNEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In economies where market reforms are low, not properly installed, it is reflected in the characteristic of and the nature of the S MEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (David Smallbone and Friederike Welter). In a country like India, where the development is uneven the pace of SME development are heavily dependent upon how supportive the local government bodies are as different states have different governments. Government bodies are the single most important element of the business environment that affects the business and even plays an important role in defining the other elements that constitute the environment like tax, power supply, employment regulations, law order etc. The dissertation tries to analyse the current strategies of Century Inks along with suggesting future strategic options available to them. It also describes the business environment and its effect on the firm as a whole. The business environment plays a key role in shaping a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current and future strategy. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The PESTEL framework provides a comprehensive list of influences on the possible success or failure of particular strategies. The PESTEL framework categorises environmental influences into six main types: political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal. Politics highlights the role of governments; Economics refers to macro-economic factors such as exchange rates, business cycles and differential economic growth rates around the world; Social influences include changing cultures and demographics, for example ageing populations in many Western societies; Technological influences refer to innovations such as the Internet, nanotechnology or the rise of new composite materials; Environmental stands specifically for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ issues, such as pollution and waste; and finally Legal embraces legislative constraints or changes, such as health and safety legislation or restrictions on company mergers and acquisitions. It is import ant for managers analyse how these factors are changing now and how they are likely to change in the future, drawing out implications for the organisation. The PESTEL framework can be used to identify how future trends in the political, economic, social, technological, environmental (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) and legal environments might impinge on organisations. This PESTEL analysis provides the broad à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ from which to identify key drivers of change.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes, Richard Whittington, 2008). Therefore, to understand the macro-environment environment of a firm PESTEL tool analysis has to be applied. Since the main purpose of the dissertation is to analyse the current situation of the firm, its environment and strategies while suggesting them future strategic choices it is important to understand the internal capabilities of the firm and the opportunities and threats it has to survive and grow. SWOT analysis is the most widely used tool to understand the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of the firm. It helps in the initial stages of decision-making and acts as a first step towards strategic planning. (Johnson et al., 1989; Bartol et al., 1991). It considers various internal and external factors and tries to maximise the strength and opportunities while minimising the effect of weaknesses and threats. SWOT balancing then helps match the strengths of the company to the opportunities available to them to create competitive advantage over other firms. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“SWOT summarises the key issues from the business environment and the strategic capability of an organisation that are most likely to impact on strategy development.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? It also helps to plan out future strategic options available to a firm for the future. It intends to recognise the extent to which a firm strengths and weaknesses are capable of dealing with the changes occurring in the business environment. However SWOT analysis is subjective and is generally useful when ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s compared to competitors. It analyses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats only compared to competitors and is not absolute. (Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes, Richard Whittington, 2008). As mentioned earlier, competition in the market or industry is a key factor in determining the strategy for a firm. It is the most important element in the environment of the business after the governing bodies. Competition affects sales, price, product features and practically the whole marketing mix of a firm. Most importantly competition determines how profitable an industry is. Hence, it becomes necessary for a firm to define the competition in its industry/market to develop or plan future strategies. Porter Five Forces is one of the most efficient tools used by firms and MNEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to understand the current and future trends in competitive rivalry amongst firms in a particular industry. Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Five Forces include Threat from New Entrants, Power of Buyers, Power of Suppliers, Threat of Substitute Products/Service and Competitive Rivalry. The configurations of these forces differ from industry to industry. These forces and their origins, discloses the roots of an industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current profitability also provide a framework which helps anticipating and influencing profitability and competition over time. (Michael Porter, 2008) Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Five Forces help determining the attractiveness of the market in the current situation as well as in the future. Along with that it also highlights the key issues or agenda in the market which a firm should focus and act upon for its survival (Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes, Richard Whittington, 2008) For formulating the strategic plan for Century Inks the core strategy needs to be decided. The core strategy helps the firm deciding the broad term strategy they will follow. Ansoff Matrix is the best tool used by various experts for deciding upon the broad strategy of the firm. The Ansoff product/market growth matrix gives a technique of generating four basic alternative directions for strategic development.( Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes, Richard Whittington, 2008 )It divides the strategies into four parts i.e. Market Penetration, Market Development, Product Development, Diversification. The constraints used for this are the markets and products. In market penetration, the firm strategizes to focus on the same product the firm produces and focuses on the same market. The main motive here is to gain significant market share. Similarly in market development the firm focuses on expands their markets with the same product they produce product development seeks to focus on developing ne w products for the same markets the firm operates in. Market Diversification as the word suggests focuses on creating an entirely new product for a new market altogether. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the most risky options and often taken up by firms when the original markets for the products start to mature. Strategies are not independently based on a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position or strengths in the market. It is also based on what the competitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategies are and where they are placed. This makes important to analyse your position against your competitors in the market/industry. This helps the firm to know their position in the industry in the market, how would they like to be placed against their competitors and what segment of the market they should focus on. Strategic Group Analysis ( SGA) developed by Hunt in 1972 is a great strategic tool which helps us understand and analyse our positions in the market against our competitors under various constraints. Strategic group analysis is a part of the industry analysis which specifically focuses various groups of rival firms clustered around a similar competitive approach or strategic position. It helps determining the competitive positions that competitors occupy determines level of competition amongst the firms in the industry. It also helps to understand the profit potential of the different strategic groups operating within the industry along determining the consequences firms can face. Strategic group analysis is a comprehensive tool of analysis which incorporates a wide array of possible variables which can be used to demeanour an environmental analysis. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"It provides several layers of finer analytical proceduresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for making the link from broad industry structure to firm-specific strategic implications. It provides more accurate results for strategic analysis compared to traditional approaches to market segmentation.( Babette Bensoussan, The MindShifts Group and Craig Fleisher, 2003) Century Inks is an industrial marker manufacturer with wide range of products. Each product is at a different stage of life cycle. Hence, the strategy to adopt for every product is different which depends on the conditions prevailing for that particular product in the market/industry. Hence, it becomes necessary to frame appropriate product strategies. They can be treated as SBUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. GE matrix is an appropriate tool that helps analyse the current situation of a particular SBU/product of a firm taking into consideration two broad factors which are Long term Industry attractiveness of the marketing they operate in Strength of the SBU/Product. Long term Industry attractiveness is determined by various factors like growth rate of the market, profitability or future profit potential, intensity of competition, return on investments, PEST etc. SBU strength is determined by factors like brand equity, market share, access to distribution channels, production capacity, cost adv antage over competitors etc. It was developed by McKinsey Co for General Electric for managing its business units. It overcomes some of the shortcomings of BCG matrix as they acknowledge some difficult situations where the company has to be selective and it is based on a wider number of factors other than market growth rate and market share. It helps to provide solutions and strategies to firms by defining their positions in the matrix. For example harvest, divest or invest. (Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes, Richard Whittington, 2008) (Quick MBA) (Business Tools Templates) Every organisation

Political Systems Political System - 1944 Words

Political Systems: Political systems reflect a culture’s distribution of power, power that is established and maintained with or without a formal government. As such, anthropologists use â€Å"political† to include all human activities involving power (MindEdge, 2017). The political system that is prevalent throughout this movie is power. Alfred Ludlow, decided to move to the modern city of Helena to find opportunity and work. Alfred was known in the city for his honesty and fair dealing reputation and, because of these, influential citizens befriended him. The O’Banion brothers, James and John, were part of an Irish-American gang and were bootleggers who operated during prohibition in the city of Helena, Montana. The O’Banion’s influenced†¦show more content†¦To frighten him, a police officer fired his gun into the mountains, but tragically, a bullet hit Isabel Two in the chest and she died instantly. Tristan in turn beats the officer with his own gun until he is practically dead, then carries his wife away from the rest of the family. Tristan is going to cut her heart out to set her soul free, as he was taught by One Stab as a young child. Application: The person I would interview would be Colonel William Ludlow, the patriarch of the family. I think deep down he feels responsible and guilty for the demise of many Native Americans in the war and I think he is trying to make amends with himself by the decisions he makes for himself and for his family. I would like to ask him the following questions: 1. Colonel William Ludlow, why did you move your family away from the town? Do you really think that moving will protect your family from war and the government? Or was the move an excuse for you to get away from the reminder of what you did to the Native American Indians? I would ask these questions because I really want to get insight on his thoughts about how he feels about what he (and his soldiers) did to the Native American Indians and how that has affected his view points of them as a people and as a culture. Colonel Ludlow is asserting his power byShow MoreRelatedPolitical Systems And Its Effect On The World1263 Words   |  6 PagesIn this day in age, Politics have a vast impact on the world we live in. Leadership, on a macro-level, has mantled the world through all of time. These consecutive political systems have developed to become a government. Each government varies throughout each country. Thus, created different forms of government: Autocracy, Monarchy, Socialism, Communism, Theocracy, Plutocracy, and Pluralism. These forms of government are created based of one’s absolute routes, means of production, elimination ofRead MorePolitical And Media Systems And Ownership Practices855 Words   |  4 Pagesboth papers describe certain characteristics of both political and media systems and ownership practices of news organizations to gain insight into the implications of â€Å"global† journalism. Whilst Hellman and Reigert focus on conceptualizing the transnational news sphere, Chakravartty and Roy present a comparative approach to exploring diversity in journalism through examining the â€Å"intranational divergences† within the Indian political and media system (Chakravartty and Roy 2013, p.357). Hellman andRead MorePolitical Systems1042 Words   |  5 PagesPolitical Systems Democracy relates to a political system that equates to one person holding one single vote in the decision-making process. As a political system, its proponents deem it as a fair and just way as the whims of the majority are preferred over the desires of the few. It becomes necessary to comprehend how democracy works to be able to effectively understand the principles and assumptions behind it. Majority of the countries in the world relate to a democratic system with differingRead MorePolitical Perspectives On The Political System1365 Words   |  6 Pages Political perspectives Ch. 2 VS. Dialogical ethics and significant choice Ch. 4 The political system is similar to communication theory in the sense that they both have interdependent rules and ethics that are important to the success of the members participating. Just as there are different compartments to politics, there for communications as well. There are specific values to politics just as there are to communications. Politics implements heavy usage of rhetoric, while a large portion ofRead MorePolitical Parties And The American Political System1657 Words   |  7 Pagesrift in the American political system marked by the ongoing clash between our political parties: the Republicans and the Democrats. These parties’ dissenting ideas seem to create non-stop conflict as each party relentlessly competes for the support and votes of the American people. However, over two hundred years ago in the early days of our country’s government, political parties did not even exist. Early leaders, such as the revered George Washington, feared that political parties would split ourRead MoreThe Political System Of The Netherlands996 Words   |  4 Pagesparliamentary democracy. Dutch monarch has no real political power, but serves as representative head of state and a symbolic person uniting the divided parliamentary politics† (Amsterdam.info, n.d.). Hence, the premise of this Module 3 Session-Long-Project (SLP) assignment will centralize itself around certain aspects of both the political and legislative/regulatory systems of the Netherlands. With emphasis on the characteristics of these two systems in order to determine, whether or not such traitsRead MoreThe Legal And Political Systems751 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction It is noteworthy that the legal and political systems are fundamentally different in the first place due to the diverse perspectives of the world, and they have developed into two separate entities with their own purposes and model in the society. Therefore, it is unlikely that they share common philosophy and practices. However, like most other disciplines in the society, sometimes law and politics overlap to achieve a common goal, sometimes they complement each other and at otherRead MorePolitical System of China1336 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical System of China Fundamental principles of Constitution The Peoples Republic of China is a socialist country led by the working class, based on the worker-peasant alliance and practicing peoples democratic centralism. The socialist system is the primary system in China. The Constitution The Constitution is the fundamental law of the state. It usually stipulates a countrys social system and basic principles of state system, the basic principles of activities and organizations of stateRead MoreVenezuela And The Political System1573 Words   |  7 Pagesthe region do not. There are several different systems that represent these resources and attributes. Major Kris A. Arnold (2006) states â€Å"PMESII is (sic) military acronym listed in several joint and service publications, which evolved from a systems perspective, and equates to the political, military, economic, social, infrastructure, and information systems of states. The acronym provides a starting point for identifying key interrelated systems of an adversary and facilitates analysis and kineticRead MorePolitical System of China1342 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical System of China Fundamental principles of Constitution The Peoples Republic of China is a socialist country led by the working class, based on the worker-peasant alliance and practicing peoples democratic centralism. The socialist system is the primary system in China. The Constitution The Constitution is the fundamental law of the state. It usually stipulates a countrys social system and basic principles of state system, the basic principles of activities and organizations

Improved Fast Decoupled Power Flow Free Essays

The power flow analysis is a very important and tundamental tool in power system analysis. Its results play the major role during the operational stages of any system for its control and economic schedule, as well as during expansion and design stages The purpose of any load flow analysis is to compute precise steady-state voltages and voltage angles of all buses in the network, the real and reactive power flows into every line and transformer, under the assumption of known generation and load. During the second half of the twentieth century, and after the large technological evelopments in the fields of digital computers and high-level programming languages, many methods for solving the load flow problem have been developed, such as indirect Gauss-Siedel (bus admittance matrix). We will write a custom essay sample on Improved Fast Decoupled Power Flow or any similar topic only for you Order Now direct Gauss-Siedel (bus impedance matrix). Newton-Raphson (NR) and its decoupled versions Nowadays, many Improvements have been added to all these methods involving assumptions and approximations of the transmission lines and bus data, based on real systems conditions The Fast Decoupled Power Flow Method (FDPFM) is one of these improved methods, which was based on a simplification of the Newton-Raphson method and reported by Stott and Alsac in 1974[4]. This method and due to its calculations simplifications, fast convergence and reliable results became the most widely used method in load flow analysis. However, FDPFM for some cases, where high RA ratios or heavy loading (Low Voltage) at some buses are present, does not converge well. For these cases, many efforts and developments have been made to overcome these convergence obstacles. some of them targeted the convergence of systems with hgh RIX ratios, others those with low voltage buses However, one of the most recent developments is a Robust Fast Decoupled Power Flow developed by Wang and u; it Is ased on heuristic justification and general voltage normalization methods [171 and solves both high RIX ratios and low bus voltages problems simultaneously. Though many efforts and elaborations have been achieved in order to improve the and simulations are becoming more developed and are now able to handle and analyze large size system. Today, and after reaching processor’s speeds higher than 3 GHz, any improvement in the speed of convergence of the power flow method, provided it leads to reliable results, is of great value. This speed improvement is very important when involved in operational stages of power distribution, where any illisecond saving can hugely increase the probability of the right decision, of the control and dispatch computerized system. This paper works on providing computing savings (in flops) and thus higher speed of convergence of the FDPFM based on the initial approximation in which real power changes are considered to be most sensitive to variations in voltage angle and much less to those of voltage magnitude, as well as on the high sensitivity of reactive power changes to variations in voltage magnitude and much less to those of voltage angle. In this paper, the attention was focused on the update of the voltage angle (6) and oltage magnitude (V) in each iteration, based on the improvement of flops achieved, and obviously on the results obtained. The results of these improvements and the comparative analysis with the Newton-Raphson and classical FDPFM will be presented using the three IEEE bus systems of 14, 30 and 57-bus, although the IFDPFM can be applied to any size bus system. II. Fast Decoupled Power Flow Method As the FDPFM is derived from the Newton-Raphson we will start from the matrix representation of NR, apply some simplifications and approximations, to reach the equations of the FDPFM. The matrix representation of the N-R method [17] is: O APOOH Where I IVJI IYiJl +6]) And -2 cos Bit +2 cos -6i +6]) Nii – = I VI II YiJ I cos (B iJ- 6i + 6]) Nil (7) -2 IYiil stn +2 IVJI IYiJl cos -6i +6]) Now, for typical power system branches: XIR and ; 200 (10) between AQ and A6, hence N and J entries of the initial matrix of (1) can be ignored leading to the following decoupled equations: (12) Now, the diagonal elements of H according to Stott and Alsac [4] can be written as: IVi12Bii (13) Where Bii = I Yill sin Bii is the imaginary part of the diagonal elements of the bus admittance matrix Ybus. Further simplifications can be applied to equation (12), by considering Bii Qi and I Vil 2 z I Vil yielding to the following simplified Hit: Hii=- (14) Also, as under normal operating conditions 6] – 6i is quite small, thus Bii – 6i + 6] Bit, and IVJI 1, the off-diagonal elements of the matrix H can be written as: HIJ I Vil (15) Similarly, the diagonal elements of the L matrix can be written as: Lil † (16) And its off- diagonal elements as: LiJ=-lVll (17) Applying these assumptions to equations (11) and (12) we get: =-B’A6 I vil (18) (19) where B’ and B† are the imaginary part of the bus admittance matrix Ybus , such that B’ contains all buses admittances except those related to the slack bus, and B† is B’ deprived from all voltage-controlled buses related admittances. Finally, all these approximations and simplifications lead to the following successive voltage magnitude and voltage angle updating equations: (20) IVI (21) These equations formed the basis of the iteration scheme upon which the Matlab software written and then updated. Ill. Updated Algorithm The algorithm written according to the equations derived in the previous section is as follows: Step 1: Creation of the bus admittance Ybus according to the lines data given y the IEEE standard bus test systems. Step 2: Detection of all kinds and numbers of buses according to the bus data given by the IEEE standard bus test systems, setting all bus voltages to an initial value of 1 pu, all voltage angles to O, and the iteration counter iter to O. Step 3: Creation of the matrices B’ and B† according to equations (18) and (19). Step 4: If max (AP, AQ) accuracy then Go to Step 6 else 1. Calculation of the H and L elements of equations (14), (1 5), (16), (17). 2. Calculation of the real and reactive power at each bus, and checking if Mvar of generator buses re within the limits, otherwise update the voltage magnitude at these buses by ? ±2 3. Calculation of the power residuals, AP and AQ. 4. Calculation of the bus voltage and voltage angle updates AV and A6 according to equations (19) and (20). 5. Update of the voltage magnitude V and the voltage angle 6 at each bus. 6. Increment of the iteration counter iter = iter + 1 then Go to Step 4 Print out ‘Solution did not converge’ and go to Step 6 Step 6: Print out of the power flow solution, computation and display of the line flow and losses. The update of this algorithm was based on the weak coupling between AP and AV, nd between AQ and A6, explained in the previous section. Specifically, in the fourth subroutine of Step 4 of the initial algorithm, and instead of updating the voltage magnitude and the voltage angle once and simultaneously in each iteration, the improved algorithm updated either the voltage angle or the voltage magnitude at each bus, Jumped to subroutine 1 to recalculate the real and reactive power and then updated the second variable based on what was updated first. Moreover, and for more speed improvements and convergence reliability, the update of one of the two variables was repeated several times, holding the other ariable at its last calculated value, which reduced the number of floating point operations of the algorithm and thus lead to the faster convergence of the IFDPFM. IV. Numerical Analysis The performance of the IFDPFM was tested on IEEE 14, 30 and 57-bus systems with a convergence accuracy of 10-3 on a MVA base of 100 or equivalently 10-1 MVA for both power residuals AP and AQ. This numerical analysis involved a speed comparison between the NR method, the FDPFM and the IFDPFM based on the number of flops (floating point operations) of each algorithm implementing each method, rather than on any other basis, because he flops count is independent from the CPU speed or the specific programming language used. In addition, as mentioned in the previous part, the algorithm of this paper updated the voltage angle several times before updating the voltage magnitude or vice versa which resulted in a different flops count for each combination used for the same IEEE bus system. These combinations will be noted according to the number of loops of update of each variable. For instance, updating twice the voltage angle (6) and then once the voltage magnitude (V) in the same iteration will be written as (2;1). Note that any flops number without the previous notation will be the one of the best case of the updated algorithm. Moreover, for any combination to be listed in this paper it should have satisfied the condition of no more than 3 % deviation of its results from that of the NR method. The bar graph in Figure 1 shows a comparison based on the number of flops between the NR, FDPFM and the best case of IFDPFM for the three IEEE standard bus systems used in this paper. Number of flops per method per system 934. 573 305. 126 314. 925 157. 310 System 57 4,421. 752 2,841. 646 14 30. 823 56. 829 24. 574 1 ,ooo ,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Flops IFDPFM FDPFM 4,000 4,500 (Thousands) Fig. 1: Flops Comparison between the 3 methods. It is clearly seen that the IFDPFM requires much less flops to converge as compared to FDPFM or NR. This flops saving is proportional to the system size and as shown, increases with the increase of the number of buses. Obviously, this improvement in the number of flops will make the IFDPFM converge much faster than the two other methods whatever CPU used. Numerically, and for the biggest system involved in this paper (IEEE 57-Bus System), the IFDPFM revealed a flops saving of about 67 % when ompared with the FDPFM and about 78 % when compared with the NR. Normally, and as mentioned before, this saving goes down to the order of 50 % for the two smaller bus systems. In addition, and in order to reach the best case presented above, different strategies of updating the voltage angle (6) and the voltage magnitude (V) were tested and compared first with the FDPFM then with the NR. Figure 2 below the percentage of flops of IFDPFM versus that of the FDPFM, for 10 different updating strategies and for the three IEEE systems. Percentage Flops IFDPFM vs FDPFM 75 50 25 Delta;Voltage Loops IFDPFM14 IFDPFM30 IFDPFM57 Fig. 2: % of flops of IFDPFM vs. FDPFM for different voltage angle and voltage magnitude updating strategies. At the first look, it is seen that for the three systems, three parallel curves are sketched with most values less then 75 % of the FDPFM. This parallel property of this graph shows the consistency of the algorithm in its number of flops variation for each strategy for each system studied. Also, it is seen that for low number of voltage magnitude and voltage angle loops the IFDPFM can’t be more efficient than FDPFM, but for a slightly higher number the IFDPFM shows great improvement in flops saving nd reaches the highest improvement at the point (4;3), where in each iteration, the voltage angle was updated four times while the voltage was kept at its initial value and then 6 was kept at its last value and V updated three times. Numerically, and for the best case of IFDPFM (4;3), the new algorithm showed a flops saving of 57 % for the 14-bus system, 50% for the 30-bus system, and 68% for the 57-bus system. Figure 3 below shows the percentage of flops of IFDPFM versus that of the NR, for 10 different updating strategies and for the three IEEE systems. IFDPFM vs NR 175 150 25 Fig. 3: % of flops of IFDPFM vs. NR for different voltage angle and voltage magnitude updating strategies. Basically, the same comments of the comparison of IFDPFM with FDPFM apply in this comparison. However, here the flops saving is much more significant and is proportional to the system size. Numerically, we have a 21 % flops saving for the 14-bus system, 49 % for the 30-bus system and 78% for the 57-bus system. Finally, it is remarked that when compared with NR, IFDPFM savings showed a high variation in their percentage, mainly because they are highly proportional to the How to cite Improved Fast Decoupled Power Flow, Papers

Class

Class-dominated society Essay The character who has learnt the most from Inspector Gooles presence in the play, is that of Sheila Birling. Sheila transforms within the plot, from her high-class, oblivious state of ignorance, into a wise young lady, with esteem and full opinions of her own. Through the Inspectors deliverance she learns that the ways of her previous existence were totally wrong and that she can longer ignore those in need, but that she has to embrace her obligation in playing a much larger part in the active community of life. She becomes completely transformed and so, lets all the other characters know of her knew-found education: He was born in the county of Yorkshire on the 13th of September 1894. He knew early on that he wanted to become a writer, but decided against going university, as he believed that the world outside classrooms and labs would help him to become a writer. He was gaining experience to achieve success in his writing career as he said, it was the years 1911-14 that set their stamp upon me. He was politically minded and liked to discuss politics, this may have been because he was growing up into his fathers socialist friends (which must have influenced his writing), and joined in with their political arguments, but never was able to put politics first. He had been through two world wars, and joined the infantry in the first. He served for 5 years before he left, and escaped death on numerous occasions. He was also a victim of a gas attack; I was lucky in the war and have never ceased to be aware of the fact. He later became a successful writer. The contempary setting of the play would be very plain and simple. The main effect of this was substantial and heavily comfortable, not cosy and homelike. The play itself would be set in the Birlingss dining room, and there wouldnt be any set changes throughout the play, partly because Priestley didnt want the audience to get distracted from the dialogue. The lighting should have been pink and intimate until the inspector arrives, and then it would be brighter and harder which would change the atmosphere as they were interviewed. The contempary audience did not need reminding of the two world wars considering they had experienced at least one already. However the set for a modern day audience would be entirely different. The performance for a modern audience would have been rather complex: to the side of the stage there was a radio and a trap door; this was to remind the audience of the war. The house is positioned on stilts, which represents them being superior to ordinary people. At the beginning of the performance some children would be seen playing, but as soon as an air raid sirens sounds from the radio, the children would exit down into the trapdoor which acted as an air raid shelter. On one side of the stage is a phone booth: this is used when Gerald phones the police about the inspector, and later when he phones the infirmary. When the inspector arrives he stays at street level, as each character departs downstairs one by one to be inspected, this represents that they will be brought down to Earth. The house starts to fall apart as the guilt is exposed, the floor gives way, cutlery smashes and it starts to rain to emphasize the misery of the Birlings. .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd , .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .postImageUrl , .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd , .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd:hover , .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd:visited , .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd:active { border:0!important; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd:active , .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Outsiders by S E Hinton EssayThe Birlings are celebrating a special occasion their daughters engagement with Gerald Croft, who is described as rather too manly to be dandy but very much the easy well-bred young man-about-town. Geralds parents (who are upper class) are not here to celebrate with him; this may suggest that they dont approve of the marriage. Mr Birling is described as a heavy-looking man who is portentous, and in his fifties. He is overwhelmed about the marriage, but not for his daughters happiness but to heighten his business. Priestley has made Birling a businessman who thinks he knows everything when he doesnt, I am talking as a hard-headed, practical man of business. And I say there isnt a chance of war. He also says that the development of aeroplanes will make war impossible, and we all know that aeroplanes played a big part in the war. This makes Mr Birling look pompous in front of the audience. People like Mr. Birling are the kind of people Priestley wants to change. Mr. B goes on to talk of his philosophy to Gerald and Eric; he says that a man has to look after himself, his family, and make his own way, when a sharp ring of the doorbell interrupts him. The inspector enters with a dramatic effect. He stops Birling explaining his views and attitude towards life, stops him in his tracks. His name is inspector Goole; he is a man in his fifties, dressed in a plain dark suit. Hes not a big man but he creates at once an impression of massiveness, solidity, and purposefulness. He has a displeasing habit of looking hard at the person he addresses before he actually speaks. No know actually knew who he was.