Dealing With The Issues Of The Environment Commerce Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2790 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The dissertation topic deals with the environment of Century Inks which is an SME based in a developing country like India. SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s i.e. Small-medium sized enterprises have been defined in various ways taking into consideration carious constraints like employment, turnover, investment in land and machinery. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dealing With The Issues Of The Environment Commerce Essay" essay for you Create order For example in UK, under sections 382 and 465 of Companies Act 2006, SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s have been classified under two categories, namely Small and Medium Size according to their turnover and employment. A small enterprise is one which employs less than 50 people and has a turnover of not more than  £6.5 million along with a balance sheet total of not more than  £3.26 million. A medium-scale enterprise is one which employs less than 250 people and has a turnover not more than 25.9 million along with a balance sheet total of not more than  £12.9 million. In USA, the definition is not the same for all types of industries and depends on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"size standardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of the company. For example most of the manufacturing and mining, industry fall under small enterprises if they employ less than 500 people. However, for Wholesale Trade Industry a small scale enterprise is one which employs less than 100 people. Similarly, in Service Industries and Heavy Construction Industry, the constraint is the annual receipt rather than employment. The definition of small businesses is given by Small Business Administration (SBA) Size Standards Office which is a government department to deal with benefits associated to SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s(1). In India, MSMED Act 2006, firms have been classified into two categories i.e. Service and Manufacturing. They have been further classified under three categories namely Micro, Small and Medium according to their investment in equipment (for services), plant machinery (manufacturing). Century Inks falls under the category of Small Scale enterprise engaged in manufacturing activity as it has an investment of more than Rs 25 lakhs ( £36,000 approximately) and less than Rs.5 crores( £720,000 approximately) in its plant and machinery. Hence an SME in USA might not necessarily be regarded as one in India as different countries have different definitions of an SME. Accordingly, they are rendered with certain benefits due to their small size and nature of business. Interestingly, government from various developing and developed countries look to provide certain benefits to SME and start-up organisations as they are believed to generate large employment, bring about innovation in products and services their contribution to the national income. Another striking difference between SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and MNEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s is the ownership. Most SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are initiated by a family member who is an entrepreneur who sets up the business and the ownership is then transferred to a close family member and decision-making is mostly autocratic. This is often the case in countries like India, Pakistan and Bangladesh etc. where the culture is more family-oriented. This forms a key part of the internal business environment for SME firms. The equity of the SME is confined to close members of the family and the decision-making is autocratic. The managerial positions are taken up by family members irrespective of their qualifications or expertise. This is a double-edged sword which has its own advantages and disadvantages. In a family oriented business, decision-making is faster and there is a lot of trust between the members of the organisation which reduces transactional uncertainties. They have long-term goals and do not look for short-term profits. They develop strong ties which are long-lasting with their employees, suppliers and customers. The disadvantages are that shareholders misuse their power for their own benefits rather than looking at overall benefit of the firm. Also, it is not necessary that the successor possesses the expertise and managerial entrepreneurial skills like the founder family member which might lead to failure or deteriorating performance of the firm. This also limits the opportunity for deserving employees to take up top managerial positions (Wenyi Chu, 2009). MNEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s on the other hand though having large equity holding amongst the founding family membersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ show a more corporate governance structure where ownership and management are often different. The influence of family ownership on SME performance: evidence from public firms in Taiwan Wenyi Chu https://www.lib.strath.ac.uk/busweb/guides/smedefine.htm https://www.bankofindia.com/smepol.aspx India is a developing country and every country has a unique business environment. There are various elements that constitute the business environment of a particular firm or business. The environment includes competitors, buyers, suppliers, financial institutions, government, and law etc. which affects a way a firm conducts its business. The business might be sensitive towards one or more of those elements of the business environment and it might affect their strategy and survival. Hence, it is important to understand and analyse the environment of a particular business and use it our advantage. High labour regulations, power shortage, access to finance and corruption are four major obstacles affecting small-business growth in India and are a big part of the environment in evolving economy like India. Corruption plays an important role and impacts the other three obstacles and has also led to uneven growth rates of SME. (Maddalena Honnorati Taye Mengistae, 2007). Corruption is one of the major elements of the business environment in India and more so for Small-scale businesses as they lack the power to influence governments and bureaucrats which MNEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s seem to have a good hold over. Access to finance is another important factor which is a major obstacle to SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s due to high rates of interests, lack of collateral securities etc. Often, firms remain small throughout due to the lack of adequate finance and conservative nature of Indian firms. Labour regulations power shortages are more subjective to industry type and the region/state you condu ct your manufacturing activity. Other factors affecting the growth of SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in developing countries are access to information, technological advancement, culture, competition, government regulations and environmental constraints. According to Stephenson. K. Arinaitwe of Breyer State University technology, access to finance and infrastructure as the main reasons constraints of SME. He explains why small firms do not invest in technology due to reasons of poor access to finance and volatility in the market. He believes that SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s were less capable of taking advantage of technological advancement and are still backward in use of accounting system and quality standards (Stephenson. K. Arinaitwe). Culture and Competition are factors which are bound be there in every environment where business is conducted. Environmental constraints is a less relevant factor for firms in developing countries as compared to developed countries as more focus is laid on following environmental regulations i n advanced countries where the people are aware and concerned about the environmental issues. Technological advancement and access to information finance are a key part of the overall business infrastructure which form a part of the macro-environment and is largely affected by government policies. Government affects the nature and pace of SME development in direct and indirect ways through its policies like tax, interest rates, subsidies, developing infrastructure and even direct support. Previous researches maintained that setup of new SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s was more due to the result of creativity and commitment of individuals but failed to take into consideration the impact of macro-environment on the strategy and operations of SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s which was largely dependent on government policies and regulations. The burden of compliance costs i.e. cost associated with understanding government legislations, adhering to them, hiring tax professionals and lawyers or training employees for changing laws on SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are more compared to larger firms as they have limited resources compared to MNEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In economies where market reforms are low, not properly installed, it is reflected in the characteristic of and the nature of the S MEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (David Smallbone and Friederike Welter). In a country like India, where the development is uneven the pace of SME development are heavily dependent upon how supportive the local government bodies are as different states have different governments. Government bodies are the single most important element of the business environment that affects the business and even plays an important role in defining the other elements that constitute the environment like tax, power supply, employment regulations, law order etc. The dissertation tries to analyse the current strategies of Century Inks along with suggesting future strategic options available to them. It also describes the business environment and its effect on the firm as a whole. The business environment plays a key role in shaping a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current and future strategy. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The PESTEL framework provides a comprehensive list of influences on the possible success or failure of particular strategies. The PESTEL framework categorises environmental influences into six main types: political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal. Politics highlights the role of governments; Economics refers to macro-economic factors such as exchange rates, business cycles and differential economic growth rates around the world; Social influences include changing cultures and demographics, for example ageing populations in many Western societies; Technological influences refer to innovations such as the Internet, nanotechnology or the rise of new composite materials; Environmental stands specifically for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ issues, such as pollution and waste; and finally Legal embraces legislative constraints or changes, such as health and safety legislation or restrictions on company mergers and acquisitions. It is import ant for managers analyse how these factors are changing now and how they are likely to change in the future, drawing out implications for the organisation. The PESTEL framework can be used to identify how future trends in the political, economic, social, technological, environmental (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) and legal environments might impinge on organisations. This PESTEL analysis provides the broad à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ from which to identify key drivers of change.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes, Richard Whittington, 2008). Therefore, to understand the macro-environment environment of a firm PESTEL tool analysis has to be applied. Since the main purpose of the dissertation is to analyse the current situation of the firm, its environment and strategies while suggesting them future strategic choices it is important to understand the internal capabilities of the firm and the opportunities and threats it has to survive and grow. SWOT analysis is the most widely used tool to understand the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of the firm. It helps in the initial stages of decision-making and acts as a first step towards strategic planning. (Johnson et al., 1989; Bartol et al., 1991). It considers various internal and external factors and tries to maximise the strength and opportunities while minimising the effect of weaknesses and threats. SWOT balancing then helps match the strengths of the company to the opportunities available to them to create competitive advantage over other firms. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“SWOT summarises the key issues from the business environment and the strategic capability of an organisation that are most likely to impact on strategy development.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? It also helps to plan out future strategic options available to a firm for the future. It intends to recognise the extent to which a firm strengths and weaknesses are capable of dealing with the changes occurring in the business environment. However SWOT analysis is subjective and is generally useful when ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s compared to competitors. It analyses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats only compared to competitors and is not absolute. (Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes, Richard Whittington, 2008). As mentioned earlier, competition in the market or industry is a key factor in determining the strategy for a firm. It is the most important element in the environment of the business after the governing bodies. Competition affects sales, price, product features and practically the whole marketing mix of a firm. Most importantly competition determines how profitable an industry is. Hence, it becomes necessary for a firm to define the competition in its industry/market to develop or plan future strategies. Porter Five Forces is one of the most efficient tools used by firms and MNEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to understand the current and future trends in competitive rivalry amongst firms in a particular industry. Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Five Forces include Threat from New Entrants, Power of Buyers, Power of Suppliers, Threat of Substitute Products/Service and Competitive Rivalry. The configurations of these forces differ from industry to industry. These forces and their origins, discloses the roots of an industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current profitability also provide a framework which helps anticipating and influencing profitability and competition over time. (Michael Porter, 2008) Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Five Forces help determining the attractiveness of the market in the current situation as well as in the future. Along with that it also highlights the key issues or agenda in the market which a firm should focus and act upon for its survival (Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes, Richard Whittington, 2008) For formulating the strategic plan for Century Inks the core strategy needs to be decided. The core strategy helps the firm deciding the broad term strategy they will follow. Ansoff Matrix is the best tool used by various experts for deciding upon the broad strategy of the firm. The Ansoff product/market growth matrix gives a technique of generating four basic alternative directions for strategic development.( Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes, Richard Whittington, 2008 )It divides the strategies into four parts i.e. Market Penetration, Market Development, Product Development, Diversification. The constraints used for this are the markets and products. In market penetration, the firm strategizes to focus on the same product the firm produces and focuses on the same market. The main motive here is to gain significant market share. Similarly in market development the firm focuses on expands their markets with the same product they produce product development seeks to focus on developing ne w products for the same markets the firm operates in. Market Diversification as the word suggests focuses on creating an entirely new product for a new market altogether. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the most risky options and often taken up by firms when the original markets for the products start to mature. Strategies are not independently based on a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position or strengths in the market. It is also based on what the competitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategies are and where they are placed. This makes important to analyse your position against your competitors in the market/industry. This helps the firm to know their position in the industry in the market, how would they like to be placed against their competitors and what segment of the market they should focus on. Strategic Group Analysis ( SGA) developed by Hunt in 1972 is a great strategic tool which helps us understand and analyse our positions in the market against our competitors under various constraints. Strategic group analysis is a part of the industry analysis which specifically focuses various groups of rival firms clustered around a similar competitive approach or strategic position. It helps determining the competitive positions that competitors occupy determines level of competition amongst the firms in the industry. It also helps to understand the profit potential of the different strategic groups operating within the industry along determining the consequences firms can face. Strategic group analysis is a comprehensive tool of analysis which incorporates a wide array of possible variables which can be used to demeanour an environmental analysis. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"It provides several layers of finer analytical proceduresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for making the link from broad industry structure to firm-specific strategic implications. It provides more accurate results for strategic analysis compared to traditional approaches to market segmentation.( Babette Bensoussan, The MindShifts Group and Craig Fleisher, 2003) Century Inks is an industrial marker manufacturer with wide range of products. Each product is at a different stage of life cycle. Hence, the strategy to adopt for every product is different which depends on the conditions prevailing for that particular product in the market/industry. Hence, it becomes necessary to frame appropriate product strategies. They can be treated as SBUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. GE matrix is an appropriate tool that helps analyse the current situation of a particular SBU/product of a firm taking into consideration two broad factors which are Long term Industry attractiveness of the marketing they operate in Strength of the SBU/Product. Long term Industry attractiveness is determined by various factors like growth rate of the market, profitability or future profit potential, intensity of competition, return on investments, PEST etc. SBU strength is determined by factors like brand equity, market share, access to distribution channels, production capacity, cost adv antage over competitors etc. It was developed by McKinsey Co for General Electric for managing its business units. It overcomes some of the shortcomings of BCG matrix as they acknowledge some difficult situations where the company has to be selective and it is based on a wider number of factors other than market growth rate and market share. It helps to provide solutions and strategies to firms by defining their positions in the matrix. For example harvest, divest or invest. (Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes, Richard Whittington, 2008) (Quick MBA) (Business Tools Templates) Every organisation

Political Systems Political System - 1944 Words

Political Systems: Political systems reflect a culture’s distribution of power, power that is established and maintained with or without a formal government. As such, anthropologists use â€Å"political† to include all human activities involving power (MindEdge, 2017). The political system that is prevalent throughout this movie is power. Alfred Ludlow, decided to move to the modern city of Helena to find opportunity and work. Alfred was known in the city for his honesty and fair dealing reputation and, because of these, influential citizens befriended him. The O’Banion brothers, James and John, were part of an Irish-American gang and were bootleggers who operated during prohibition in the city of Helena, Montana. The O’Banion’s influenced†¦show more content†¦To frighten him, a police officer fired his gun into the mountains, but tragically, a bullet hit Isabel Two in the chest and she died instantly. Tristan in turn beats the officer with his own gun until he is practically dead, then carries his wife away from the rest of the family. Tristan is going to cut her heart out to set her soul free, as he was taught by One Stab as a young child. Application: The person I would interview would be Colonel William Ludlow, the patriarch of the family. I think deep down he feels responsible and guilty for the demise of many Native Americans in the war and I think he is trying to make amends with himself by the decisions he makes for himself and for his family. I would like to ask him the following questions: 1. Colonel William Ludlow, why did you move your family away from the town? Do you really think that moving will protect your family from war and the government? Or was the move an excuse for you to get away from the reminder of what you did to the Native American Indians? 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Improved Fast Decoupled Power Flow Free Essays

The power flow analysis is a very important and tundamental tool in power system analysis. Its results play the major role during the operational stages of any system for its control and economic schedule, as well as during expansion and design stages The purpose of any load flow analysis is to compute precise steady-state voltages and voltage angles of all buses in the network, the real and reactive power flows into every line and transformer, under the assumption of known generation and load. During the second half of the twentieth century, and after the large technological evelopments in the fields of digital computers and high-level programming languages, many methods for solving the load flow problem have been developed, such as indirect Gauss-Siedel (bus admittance matrix). We will write a custom essay sample on Improved Fast Decoupled Power Flow or any similar topic only for you Order Now direct Gauss-Siedel (bus impedance matrix). Newton-Raphson (NR) and its decoupled versions Nowadays, many Improvements have been added to all these methods involving assumptions and approximations of the transmission lines and bus data, based on real systems conditions The Fast Decoupled Power Flow Method (FDPFM) is one of these improved methods, which was based on a simplification of the Newton-Raphson method and reported by Stott and Alsac in 1974[4]. This method and due to its calculations simplifications, fast convergence and reliable results became the most widely used method in load flow analysis. However, FDPFM for some cases, where high RA ratios or heavy loading (Low Voltage) at some buses are present, does not converge well. For these cases, many efforts and developments have been made to overcome these convergence obstacles. some of them targeted the convergence of systems with hgh RIX ratios, others those with low voltage buses However, one of the most recent developments is a Robust Fast Decoupled Power Flow developed by Wang and u; it Is ased on heuristic justification and general voltage normalization methods [171 and solves both high RIX ratios and low bus voltages problems simultaneously. Though many efforts and elaborations have been achieved in order to improve the and simulations are becoming more developed and are now able to handle and analyze large size system. Today, and after reaching processor’s speeds higher than 3 GHz, any improvement in the speed of convergence of the power flow method, provided it leads to reliable results, is of great value. This speed improvement is very important when involved in operational stages of power distribution, where any illisecond saving can hugely increase the probability of the right decision, of the control and dispatch computerized system. This paper works on providing computing savings (in flops) and thus higher speed of convergence of the FDPFM based on the initial approximation in which real power changes are considered to be most sensitive to variations in voltage angle and much less to those of voltage magnitude, as well as on the high sensitivity of reactive power changes to variations in voltage magnitude and much less to those of voltage angle. In this paper, the attention was focused on the update of the voltage angle (6) and oltage magnitude (V) in each iteration, based on the improvement of flops achieved, and obviously on the results obtained. The results of these improvements and the comparative analysis with the Newton-Raphson and classical FDPFM will be presented using the three IEEE bus systems of 14, 30 and 57-bus, although the IFDPFM can be applied to any size bus system. II. Fast Decoupled Power Flow Method As the FDPFM is derived from the Newton-Raphson we will start from the matrix representation of NR, apply some simplifications and approximations, to reach the equations of the FDPFM. The matrix representation of the N-R method [17] is: O APOOH Where I IVJI IYiJl +6]) And -2 cos Bit +2 cos -6i +6]) Nii – = I VI II YiJ I cos (B iJ- 6i + 6]) Nil (7) -2 IYiil stn +2 IVJI IYiJl cos -6i +6]) Now, for typical power system branches: XIR and ; 200 (10) between AQ and A6, hence N and J entries of the initial matrix of (1) can be ignored leading to the following decoupled equations: (12) Now, the diagonal elements of H according to Stott and Alsac [4] can be written as: IVi12Bii (13) Where Bii = I Yill sin Bii is the imaginary part of the diagonal elements of the bus admittance matrix Ybus. Further simplifications can be applied to equation (12), by considering Bii Qi and I Vil 2 z I Vil yielding to the following simplified Hit: Hii=- (14) Also, as under normal operating conditions 6] – 6i is quite small, thus Bii – 6i + 6] Bit, and IVJI 1, the off-diagonal elements of the matrix H can be written as: HIJ I Vil (15) Similarly, the diagonal elements of the L matrix can be written as: Lil † (16) And its off- diagonal elements as: LiJ=-lVll (17) Applying these assumptions to equations (11) and (12) we get: =-B’A6 I vil (18) (19) where B’ and B† are the imaginary part of the bus admittance matrix Ybus , such that B’ contains all buses admittances except those related to the slack bus, and B† is B’ deprived from all voltage-controlled buses related admittances. Finally, all these approximations and simplifications lead to the following successive voltage magnitude and voltage angle updating equations: (20) IVI (21) These equations formed the basis of the iteration scheme upon which the Matlab software written and then updated. Ill. Updated Algorithm The algorithm written according to the equations derived in the previous section is as follows: Step 1: Creation of the bus admittance Ybus according to the lines data given y the IEEE standard bus test systems. Step 2: Detection of all kinds and numbers of buses according to the bus data given by the IEEE standard bus test systems, setting all bus voltages to an initial value of 1 pu, all voltage angles to O, and the iteration counter iter to O. Step 3: Creation of the matrices B’ and B† according to equations (18) and (19). Step 4: If max (AP, AQ) accuracy then Go to Step 6 else 1. Calculation of the H and L elements of equations (14), (1 5), (16), (17). 2. Calculation of the real and reactive power at each bus, and checking if Mvar of generator buses re within the limits, otherwise update the voltage magnitude at these buses by ? ±2 3. Calculation of the power residuals, AP and AQ. 4. Calculation of the bus voltage and voltage angle updates AV and A6 according to equations (19) and (20). 5. Update of the voltage magnitude V and the voltage angle 6 at each bus. 6. Increment of the iteration counter iter = iter + 1 then Go to Step 4 Print out ‘Solution did not converge’ and go to Step 6 Step 6: Print out of the power flow solution, computation and display of the line flow and losses. The update of this algorithm was based on the weak coupling between AP and AV, nd between AQ and A6, explained in the previous section. Specifically, in the fourth subroutine of Step 4 of the initial algorithm, and instead of updating the voltage magnitude and the voltage angle once and simultaneously in each iteration, the improved algorithm updated either the voltage angle or the voltage magnitude at each bus, Jumped to subroutine 1 to recalculate the real and reactive power and then updated the second variable based on what was updated first. Moreover, and for more speed improvements and convergence reliability, the update of one of the two variables was repeated several times, holding the other ariable at its last calculated value, which reduced the number of floating point operations of the algorithm and thus lead to the faster convergence of the IFDPFM. IV. Numerical Analysis The performance of the IFDPFM was tested on IEEE 14, 30 and 57-bus systems with a convergence accuracy of 10-3 on a MVA base of 100 or equivalently 10-1 MVA for both power residuals AP and AQ. This numerical analysis involved a speed comparison between the NR method, the FDPFM and the IFDPFM based on the number of flops (floating point operations) of each algorithm implementing each method, rather than on any other basis, because he flops count is independent from the CPU speed or the specific programming language used. In addition, as mentioned in the previous part, the algorithm of this paper updated the voltage angle several times before updating the voltage magnitude or vice versa which resulted in a different flops count for each combination used for the same IEEE bus system. These combinations will be noted according to the number of loops of update of each variable. For instance, updating twice the voltage angle (6) and then once the voltage magnitude (V) in the same iteration will be written as (2;1). Note that any flops number without the previous notation will be the one of the best case of the updated algorithm. Moreover, for any combination to be listed in this paper it should have satisfied the condition of no more than 3 % deviation of its results from that of the NR method. The bar graph in Figure 1 shows a comparison based on the number of flops between the NR, FDPFM and the best case of IFDPFM for the three IEEE standard bus systems used in this paper. Number of flops per method per system 934. 573 305. 126 314. 925 157. 310 System 57 4,421. 752 2,841. 646 14 30. 823 56. 829 24. 574 1 ,ooo ,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Flops IFDPFM FDPFM 4,000 4,500 (Thousands) Fig. 1: Flops Comparison between the 3 methods. It is clearly seen that the IFDPFM requires much less flops to converge as compared to FDPFM or NR. This flops saving is proportional to the system size and as shown, increases with the increase of the number of buses. Obviously, this improvement in the number of flops will make the IFDPFM converge much faster than the two other methods whatever CPU used. Numerically, and for the biggest system involved in this paper (IEEE 57-Bus System), the IFDPFM revealed a flops saving of about 67 % when ompared with the FDPFM and about 78 % when compared with the NR. Normally, and as mentioned before, this saving goes down to the order of 50 % for the two smaller bus systems. In addition, and in order to reach the best case presented above, different strategies of updating the voltage angle (6) and the voltage magnitude (V) were tested and compared first with the FDPFM then with the NR. Figure 2 below the percentage of flops of IFDPFM versus that of the FDPFM, for 10 different updating strategies and for the three IEEE systems. Percentage Flops IFDPFM vs FDPFM 75 50 25 Delta;Voltage Loops IFDPFM14 IFDPFM30 IFDPFM57 Fig. 2: % of flops of IFDPFM vs. FDPFM for different voltage angle and voltage magnitude updating strategies. At the first look, it is seen that for the three systems, three parallel curves are sketched with most values less then 75 % of the FDPFM. This parallel property of this graph shows the consistency of the algorithm in its number of flops variation for each strategy for each system studied. Also, it is seen that for low number of voltage magnitude and voltage angle loops the IFDPFM can’t be more efficient than FDPFM, but for a slightly higher number the IFDPFM shows great improvement in flops saving nd reaches the highest improvement at the point (4;3), where in each iteration, the voltage angle was updated four times while the voltage was kept at its initial value and then 6 was kept at its last value and V updated three times. Numerically, and for the best case of IFDPFM (4;3), the new algorithm showed a flops saving of 57 % for the 14-bus system, 50% for the 30-bus system, and 68% for the 57-bus system. Figure 3 below shows the percentage of flops of IFDPFM versus that of the NR, for 10 different updating strategies and for the three IEEE systems. IFDPFM vs NR 175 150 25 Fig. 3: % of flops of IFDPFM vs. NR for different voltage angle and voltage magnitude updating strategies. Basically, the same comments of the comparison of IFDPFM with FDPFM apply in this comparison. However, here the flops saving is much more significant and is proportional to the system size. Numerically, we have a 21 % flops saving for the 14-bus system, 49 % for the 30-bus system and 78% for the 57-bus system. Finally, it is remarked that when compared with NR, IFDPFM savings showed a high variation in their percentage, mainly because they are highly proportional to the How to cite Improved Fast Decoupled Power Flow, Papers

Class

Class-dominated society Essay The character who has learnt the most from Inspector Gooles presence in the play, is that of Sheila Birling. Sheila transforms within the plot, from her high-class, oblivious state of ignorance, into a wise young lady, with esteem and full opinions of her own. Through the Inspectors deliverance she learns that the ways of her previous existence were totally wrong and that she can longer ignore those in need, but that she has to embrace her obligation in playing a much larger part in the active community of life. She becomes completely transformed and so, lets all the other characters know of her knew-found education: He was born in the county of Yorkshire on the 13th of September 1894. He knew early on that he wanted to become a writer, but decided against going university, as he believed that the world outside classrooms and labs would help him to become a writer. He was gaining experience to achieve success in his writing career as he said, it was the years 1911-14 that set their stamp upon me. He was politically minded and liked to discuss politics, this may have been because he was growing up into his fathers socialist friends (which must have influenced his writing), and joined in with their political arguments, but never was able to put politics first. He had been through two world wars, and joined the infantry in the first. He served for 5 years before he left, and escaped death on numerous occasions. He was also a victim of a gas attack; I was lucky in the war and have never ceased to be aware of the fact. He later became a successful writer. The contempary setting of the play would be very plain and simple. The main effect of this was substantial and heavily comfortable, not cosy and homelike. The play itself would be set in the Birlingss dining room, and there wouldnt be any set changes throughout the play, partly because Priestley didnt want the audience to get distracted from the dialogue. The lighting should have been pink and intimate until the inspector arrives, and then it would be brighter and harder which would change the atmosphere as they were interviewed. The contempary audience did not need reminding of the two world wars considering they had experienced at least one already. However the set for a modern day audience would be entirely different. The performance for a modern audience would have been rather complex: to the side of the stage there was a radio and a trap door; this was to remind the audience of the war. The house is positioned on stilts, which represents them being superior to ordinary people. At the beginning of the performance some children would be seen playing, but as soon as an air raid sirens sounds from the radio, the children would exit down into the trapdoor which acted as an air raid shelter. On one side of the stage is a phone booth: this is used when Gerald phones the police about the inspector, and later when he phones the infirmary. When the inspector arrives he stays at street level, as each character departs downstairs one by one to be inspected, this represents that they will be brought down to Earth. The house starts to fall apart as the guilt is exposed, the floor gives way, cutlery smashes and it starts to rain to emphasize the misery of the Birlings. .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd , .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .postImageUrl , .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd , .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd:hover , .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd:visited , .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd:active { border:0!important; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd:active , .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u19fc6da473e4b44fbd04273e1f6d41cd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Outsiders by S E Hinton EssayThe Birlings are celebrating a special occasion their daughters engagement with Gerald Croft, who is described as rather too manly to be dandy but very much the easy well-bred young man-about-town. Geralds parents (who are upper class) are not here to celebrate with him; this may suggest that they dont approve of the marriage. Mr Birling is described as a heavy-looking man who is portentous, and in his fifties. He is overwhelmed about the marriage, but not for his daughters happiness but to heighten his business. Priestley has made Birling a businessman who thinks he knows everything when he doesnt, I am talking as a hard-headed, practical man of business. And I say there isnt a chance of war. He also says that the development of aeroplanes will make war impossible, and we all know that aeroplanes played a big part in the war. This makes Mr Birling look pompous in front of the audience. People like Mr. Birling are the kind of people Priestley wants to change. Mr. B goes on to talk of his philosophy to Gerald and Eric; he says that a man has to look after himself, his family, and make his own way, when a sharp ring of the doorbell interrupts him. The inspector enters with a dramatic effect. He stops Birling explaining his views and attitude towards life, stops him in his tracks. His name is inspector Goole; he is a man in his fifties, dressed in a plain dark suit. Hes not a big man but he creates at once an impression of massiveness, solidity, and purposefulness. He has a displeasing habit of looking hard at the person he addresses before he actually speaks. No know actually knew who he was.

Star Wars and the Matrix a Comparison Essay Example For Students

Star Wars and the Matrix a Comparison Essay Both stories are about the child overcoming this father, The outside worlds that conspire to crush the heroes are the Empire and the AH canines, Wood Morpheme and Obi-Wan Kenton show similar parallels. If you were to translate the images of Star Wars into modern vernacular, you may come up with The Matrix. Both movies use the common device of the potential hero being either sought out or roped into peculiar circumstances. Luke heeds the plea in Leis hologram message, and Neo obeys the advice of a mysterious message telling him to follow the white rabbit. However, the heroes initially refuse the call to adventure until outside factors force them to reconsider. The heroes pass through childhood and into adolescence where they begin to come aware of the world around them. The mentors (Morpheme and Obi-wan) cleverly ensnare the heroes curiosity by carefully promoting the Force and The Matrix. Your eyes can deceive you, dont trust them explains Obi-wan while Luke practices on the lighthearted whilst Morpheme asks What is real? Cautioning Neo not to accept everything at face value. The sons soon build the courage to challenge their father. We will write a custom essay on Star Wars and the Matrix a Comparison specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They break rules others are bound by. Tension is raised as both heroes find themselves deep in their opponents realm: Luke arrogantly followed a lone TIE fighter into the Death Star and Neo lets himself fall into the ands of the Agents (to save Morpheme). Luke ditches his targeting computer for the Force, whilst Neo realizes that in The Matrix, he is simply in a state of non- existence, allowing him to believe he is the One, As Morpheme predicted, he doesnt need to dodge bullets Because he can simply stop them. Star Wars and The Matrix are renowned for their ground-breaking technical feats and special effects. Both films also carefully orchestrate costumes and settings to help their story, but more specifically Star Wars introduced a new vocabulary of action cinematography predicated on computer-controlled camera movements, arraying the viewer swooping and diving through miniature sic-if sets. The Matrix exploited the film technique: %let-time photography, in Which an array of cameras positioned in an arc, fire simultaneously or almost simultaneously, creating the effect Of a virtual camera swooping around a subject slowed to motionlessness or near-motionlessness. Space travel was still considered an exciting and novel idea in the ass, and Star Wars cleverly manipulated this to produce the fantastic space ballet that it is. However, it is incomparable to Ambulate time which was very effective in illustrating Neons and the Agents ability o defy the laws of The Matrix. However more importantly is the fact that in Star Wars the special effects were largely performed on the backgrounds, and the characters, although sometimes highly costumed (Chewable), moved and performed like human actors. In The Matrix, superior technology allowed manipulation of the actors as well, which allows the technology itself to become a character. o The definitive factor that makes Star Wars and The Matrix classics are that you could ask ten fans what they think is the most important aspect of the movies creation, and you would receive twenty different answers. The storyline f the movies can relate to most of the audience; namely the sensitive issue that to become a man one must escape ones father.

home schooling essays

home schooling essays Home schooling is beginning to be famous more and more as parents worry about the quality of education being given their child amidst more and more violence, confusion and conflicts in the world. Home-schooling was thought to have first established due to religious concerns. However, the concept of home schooling is reaching into different countries such as the Philippines as a practical alternative to the public and private school system. Home-schooling is one of the most flexible and diverse educational option available today. The variety of home-schooling styles reflects the diversity of the people who choose this method. Some families organize their home-school the same as a traditional school, with the children studying the same subjects the same way as public and private school students. They just acquire the curriculum of the traditional schools and teach it in their very homes. On the other hand, some families use the opposite approach and "un-school" their children-a far less structured approach where the childrens schedule is determined by their interests and readiness. Most home-schoolers, however, use an eclectic approach that is partly structured and partly interesting based. This method allows parents to pick and choose the classes and materials that meet their childrens needs. For many home-schoolers, one of the greatest benefits of home-schooling is the strengthening of family bonds. Home-schooling families spend lots of time learning and playing together and this naturally creates close ties between brothers and sisters and between children and parents. Home-schoolers also have a great deal of flexibility in how and what they learn, allowing them to learn about the "real world" by being part of it. These advantages allow home-schooled children to receive an education that is attuned specifically to their own needs, learning style, personality, and interests. This then affects their future greatly. O...

Company law Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 14250 words

Company law - Dissertation Example Such intrusion takes place, only when it is evident that there is mala fide intent in the decisions of the directors. This is in accordance with section 306 of the Companies Act 2006. Although, section 172(1) of the Companies Act 2006 influences the general duties of the directors of a company; it has been seen to result in legal uncertainty, regarding their general duties. This is due to the absence of an exhaustive list of the duties to be discharged by the directors. Apparently, this bestows widespread discretionary powers upon directors. This wide discretion has been provided by the statute for the purpose of conducting the affairs of the company in a congenial manner. However, under certain circumstances, such discretionary power can be misused by the directors of a company, in order to further their personal interests. This had transpired in Hawkes v Cuddy & Others.1 A codification of some of the duties of the directors of a company was effected by the Companies Act 2006. Insta nces are the codification of the common law duty of care and skill, by section 174(1) of the Companies Act 2006. A very important feature of the codification of directors’ duties relates to the fact that not all of the directors’ duties have been codified.2Directors’ duties codified by the Companies Act 2006 are their principal fiduciary duties and the duty of care and skill. ... ector is required to comply with all of these duties.3 It is apparent from the various law reports that section 172 of the Companies Act 2006, merely effects a codification of the obligations of directors under the common law. In Re Southern Counties Fresh Foods Ltd,4 the court made a comparison between the previous wording and the new form after codification.5Prior to the 2006 Act, there was no material difference in this position. This was clarified in Re Smith and Fawcett Ltd.6 The shareholders of a company can sue a director of their company, for breach of duty towards the company.7 Prior to the enactment of the Companies Act 2006, shareholders had to obtain the permission of the board of directors of their company, if they were desirous of initiating legal action against a director of their company. This inequitable situation was rectified to some extent, subsequent to the enactment of the Act, which permits shareholders to bring in derivative action against a director of their company. It is no longer necessary to obtain the prior permission of the board of directors of the company, to bring such derivative action. The business judgement rule absolves directors of liability for the decision taken by them, if these decisions had been taken in good faith, with due care and within their powers.8 A director’s liability will be absolved, if he had taken the concerned decision with due care and diligence. However, there is every possibility that the director may exceed the limits of his authority, in taking such decisions. In Lonrho Ltd v Shell Petroleum Co. Ltd 9, the House of Lords stressed upon the importance of the duty of directors towards the company. In Re Horsley & Weight Ltd 10 it was held that the directors owed a duty towards creditors. This was a novel

The Skill of Writing Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

The Skill of Writing - Personal Statement Example The genre of academic writing requires extensive reading and research work. The research plays a pivotal role in providing write-up focus and substance. It makes the composition rich and informative. The writer must good research skill apart from being an active reader. But the highlight of academic writing is the writing style itself which is formal, grammatically correct and not unnecessarily accessorized with big words. Above all other aspects, it needs proper planning and organization to compose an academic paper. When writing an academic, essay there is a high possibility of getting lost in the overload of information supplied by the research materials. The first task is to zero down on the topic that the writer wants to work on and then sift relevant information to build up the argument of the essay. While deciding upon the argument of the essay the writer has to choose one or more perspectives of approaching the topic. In light of that perspective, the writer arranges the points in such a way that the argument looks strong and convincing. Academic  writing calls for a critical-analytical approach to the topic. The writer should attempt to develop an individual perspective in the essay yet incorporating appropriate elements from the resources as support of his argument. Quotes or paraphrasing from the references wherever necessary makes the essay resourceful and interesting. It also shows the writer’s ability to integrate and tune in information according to the need of the paper. When using references the writer must be aware of the different referencing styles like MLA, APA, Harvard, and Chicago and strictly adhere to one particular norm. The writing has to be grammatically correct, precise and to the point.

Personal Effectiveness Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Effectiveness Report - Assignment Example Mr. Eason and Mr. Abdulrahman as a marketing officer and advertising officer employed by the Western Australia State Government. They have been assigned to run the campaign with a big problem perplex the government. That is in recent years, many young people have died because of the alcohol related violence. Now with a report written by the Mr. Eason and Mr. Abdulrahman to found working in a team personalities can collide or even assent different kinds of problems. This six indicators are help Mr Eason and Mr Abdulrahman understand their own and test their character whether they can work together more effectively and efficient or not.And the test also help them find some problem and gives some recommendation let them work more easier. After the test Mr Eason’s and Mr Abdulrahman’s Hemispheric Dominance test, the result was as shown in the table below.According to the theory of left-brain or right-brain dominance, each side of the brain controls different types of thinking. Additionally, people are said to prefer one type of thinking over the other. For example, a person who is "left-brained" is often said to be more logical, anarchically, and objective, while a person who is "right-brained" is said to be more intuitive, thoughtful, and subjective. According to the left-brain, right-brain dominance theory, the right side of the brain is best at expressive and creative tasks. Some of the abilities that are popularly associated with the right side of the brain include:recognizing faces,expressing emotions,music, reading emotions,color,images,intuition and creativity.And The left-side of the brain is considered to be adept at tasks that involve logic, language and analytical thinking. The left-brain is often described as being better at:language,logic,critical thinking numbers and reasoning. Eason’s responded as a right brained person 8 questions, and responded as a left brained person to 11 questions. According to the Hemispheric Dominance test,

The tourism system model

The tourism system model The Tourism System In early tourism research, it was argued that by analysing disaggregated components of tourism, it is possible that an understanding of tourism as a whole could be achieved (Pearce, 1989). However, these reductionist claims often result in a failure to explain the different complex relationships, interactions, interdependencies and impacts within the tourism system (Carlsen, 1999). For example, traditional tourism models such as Leiper (1979) tourism system model assumes that tourism players function in a coordinated manner, suggesting that tourism could be controlled in a top-down approach (McKercher, 1999). However, tourism displays all the characteristics of complexity. Failing to acknowledge the elements of uncertainty, chaos, dynamics and non-linearity in tourist systems, these simplistic traditional approaches to tourism seems to become irrelevant and invalid. Tourism is an activity in which people freely engage in, for personal satisfaction or pleasure, where their behaviour is voluntary and discretionary proceeding from ones own free choice (de Freitas, 2002). Thus, tourists participation is expected to decrease as discomfort and dissatisfaction increase. â€Å"Should climate change, so will be the tourism demand† (De Freitas, 2005, 35). Over the years, more sophisticated models have been developed in attempting to explain what tourism is, its composition and the relationships and interactions that exist within it. From the tourist personality type models (Plog 1974; Pearce 1990), Maslows hierarchy of needs (Maslow, 1954), expectancy theory based on Vrooms theory of work motivation by Witt and Wright (1992) to the Mieczkowski Tourism Climate Index (1985) and the push-pull tourism framework (Dann, 1977; Crompton 1979; Iso-Ahola, 1982, 1989; Klenosky, 2002), these approaches provide different but valuable insights for examining the motivations underlying tourist and visitation behaviour. These models have also been useful for the study of the importance of climate to tourism as well as the research on climate change and tourism, providing an understanding and agreement of the varieties and kinds of activities and stakeholders involved. Climate, a Tourism Resource Climate exists outside of any tourism project. However, it becomes a resource when incorporated within a good or service. This is illustrated by the high demand of North Europeans travelling to the Mediterranean resorts, seeing it as a land of paradise. In addition, climate is often said to delimit optimal zones for tourism at a global and regional scale, as illustrated by the warm tropical zone, considered optimum for sun and beach tourism (Burton 1991). In this way, climate, a natural resource becomes part of the tourism product. All of respondents of the survey agreed that climate is important to tourism with 89% ranking it as â€Å"very important†. With the aim of accessing how climate fares in relation to other important considerations in tourism demand, Table 2.1 illustrates the ranks respondents give to each of the factors relevant to their visit to a country for tourism. Attractions in the destination were viewed as the most important factor followed closely by climate. Of considerable importance to this study which may have been omitted in many studies focusing on the temperate regions, 95% of respondents believed that escaping from their countrys winter cold is at least of some importance in their decision for travel. This shows how weather and climate are intrinsic components of the vacation experience and can act as a central motivator in an individuals selection of holiday destination, the timing of holiday travel as well as a salient factor in tourism spending and holiday satisfaction. This study measures up to many other researches such as that done by Hu and Ritchie (1993). Measuring the importance of destination characteristics, they reviewed several destination image studies from the 1970s and found that â€Å"natural beauty and climate† were of universal importance in defining destinations attractiveness. Using a representative survey, Hamilton and Lau (2005) confirmed that climate is at least the third most popular attribute in tourists decision making. Climate can directly affect tourism. There seems to be a clear connection between weather, climate, and human sensitivity. Atmospheric weather conditions may impact tourist demand, participation, experiences and satisfaction (de Freitas, 2003; Yu et al, 2009). People usually dislike very cold or hot climates and possibly very humid ones probably for good reasons founded in evolutionary biology (Heal and Kristrom, 2002). Survey result of this study proves similar conclusion where 74% of respondents indicate that they were more likely to travel during their countrys winter and 19% during summer. None of the respondents chose autumn and spring as the season they would want to travel out of their country. A warm climate seems to be a huge attraction for many of the mid-latitude tourists with 100% citing a â€Å"hot and sunny† weather condition as the preferred choice in the country they visit, even for those who want to escape the summer heat in their country. This proves Maddison and Bigano (2000) findings that the ideal temperature at the most popular tourist destinations are those offering warmer temperatures of around 31oC. In Context: Sentosa Climate has been argued to be one important component which shapes a destinations image and in some regions of the world, constitutes the resource on which the tourism sector is predicated (Lohmann and Kaim 1999). For example, marketed as â€Å"The Island for All Seasons†, the Mediterranean climate which Cyprus, Greece has been blessed with, has identified as the fundamental attribute attracting tourists to the destination. Mather et al contends that â€Å"the climate is a dominant factor in much of the travel that takes place from northern Europe to the Mediterranean () Not only is the purpose of this mass movement of people primarily leisure-based, visiting a sunny beach destination is the intrinsic reason for travel† (2005, 70). Being a tropical country, Singapore and in particular Sentosa has the perfect conditions for the creation of the ideal tourist coast all-year sunshine, warm water, white sandy carbonate beaches and coral reefs -popularised in the three â€Å"Ss†: sun, sea and sand (Wong, 2003). Sentosa is Singapores premier island resort getaway and Asias leading leisure destination. It receives over 6 million visitors yearly, making it the most visited paid-access attraction in Singapore. According to partial break-down of visitor arrivals to all the paid attractions in Singapore as seen in Figure 2a, it show consistency with Sentosa being the most visited paid-access attraction among all groups of tourists. Thus, it makes a good case study for studying climate as a resource for beach tourism in Singapore. Findings in this study shows that although the warm tropical climate of Singapore appeals to the mid-latitude tourists, inducing them to visit the Island of Sentosa as well as their beaches, weather did not prove to be the ultimate choice affecting tourists decision to Sentosa. In fact, although weather ranks second after attraction/activities, given only a choice, only about one quarter, specifically, 27% of the tourists chose weather to be the most important. One reason for this may be because climate invokes the concept of weather which is what tourists anticipate experiencing at a specific destination and is a key factor of consideration for tourists, consciously or implicitly during travel planning (de Freitas, 2002; Gomez Martin, 2005). Thus, having already considered Singapores hot and humid climate before the trip, factoring in possible weather conditions that might be experienced, attractions and activities that can be found in Singapore is determined to be more important at the expense of weather. This result corresponds to the activities that respondents carry out in Sentosa illustrated in Table 2.2, with â€Å"visiting attractions† being the most carried activities by all tourists during their day in Sentosa. The preference of tourists for certain climatic and weather conditions highlights the relationship between tourism and climate. Naturally, different tourism types and activities require different climatic conditions. Thus, climate is one important variable that influences among other factors, what and when particular kind of tourism activities can be done carried out. For example, climate has been identified as the fundamental attribute attracting tourists to the Mediterranean area (Mather et al, 2005; Amelung and Moreno, 2009). Seeking and enjoying the sun is one of the main reasons why many tourists go away on holiday, evident in 70%-80% of UK holidaymakers citing better climate abroad as the primary reason for their trip (Perry, 1993). Similarly, winter sports depend directly on climatic resources. Without snow or low temperatures for the artificial production of snow, the development of ski resorts would not have been possible (Gomez Martin, 2005). In this study on Sentosa, the activities that can be carried out by tourists (Table 2.2) could be sub-divided into two categories: weather dependent and weather independent. Swimming/sun tanning, picnicking and water sports/playing volleyball is to a large extent dependent on weather, especially to the presence of sunshine and rainfall. Although a large percentage of 59% tourists came to Sentosa specifically for sun tanning and swimming, respondents seems to participate largely also in non weather specific activities such as visiting attractions, shopping and dining in an indoor eatery. This result points to an important fact that although Sentosa depends largely on its beaches as well as some outdoor attractions, they provide a diversified range of activities which tourists are also attracted in but do not solely tap on the appeal of the weather. Climate versus Weather Climate invokes the concept of weather in that it is defined as the accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time whereas, weather is the condition of the atmosphere at any particular time and place (de Freitas, 2002). In a study of this nature, McEvoy (2008: 103) reminds that it is important to differentiate between visitor responses to climate versus weather conditions. Decision-making relating to tourism such as the destination and period of travel has been found to be based largely on climate information. On the other hand, the vacation period is much more weather-dependent and reliant on short term forecasts where actual weather information is more important than climate information (Matzarakis, 2007). The nature of the relationship between the atmospheric environment and the enjoyable pursuit of outdoor recreational activity may be seen to be a function of facets of on-site atmospheric conditions, the weather. Pleasant weather increases tourist satisfaction, whereas severe weather conditions such as rain and strong winds disrupt outdoor activities. In southern Alaska, for example, tour operators noted a marked difference between the sunny, dry summer of 2004 and wet summer of 2006. Although this study fully acknowledges the importance of climate to tourism, with weather being an important factor, survey results show the possibility that destinations may also be chosen in spite of the likely bad weather. Figure 1 illustrates the findings. The result suggests that even if it rains on the day that tourist decides to go to Sentosa, 49% of the respondents would not alter their original plan to visit the island. The reasons cited were more or less similar in that they would â€Å"choose to visit other attractions within Sentosa† and â€Å"stay in indoor venues†. All of the 28% tourists who states that there will be changes to their plans to Sentosa were at Sentosa beach specifically for the purpose of outdoor beach activities such as swimming, sun tanning and picnicking. Therefore, with some tourist activities more sensitive to weather than others, metrological conditions may affect or disrupt the construction of the planned days event. On the other hand, Sentosa Island with many indoor attractions, allows for contingency plans to be made which enables tourists to be independent of weather conditions. With â€Å"visiting attractions† being the most carried out activity for respondents (Table 2.2), as well as â€Å"attraction/activities† cited as the most important factor affecting their decision to visit Sentosa, it suggests why majority of tourists may not change their plans to visit Sentosa even under unforeseen weather events. Therefore, although climate and weather is one of the many factors that may influence tourist decisions, good weather may not be the primary reason for selecting destinations. Weather Forecast Mark Twains famous quote of â€Å"Everybody talks about the weather but no one does anything about it† is often held up as a truism but Twain himself have said this â€Å"aint necessarily so†. Along the same line of argument, Dewar (2005) contends that humans may not be able to alter the day-to-day weather but they do alter their behaviours to either avoid or take advantage of these weather conditions. To some extent as discussed previously, a majority of respondents seems to have predicted that they would alter their behaviours, by visiting indoor attractions to avoid unfavourable rainfall events. Weather forecasting is a useful way to alter ones behaviour or plan activities to suit prevailing weather conditions on the day of event. Favourable climate and weather conditions are essential advantages which influences the degree of satisfaction, allowing tourists to enjoy their holiday activities safely and comfortably, helping them fulfil the desires that originally brought them to the destination (de Freitas 1990, 2003; Blazejczyk, 2001; Gomez-Martin, 2005). However, it is surprising that although 59% of respondents engaged in a pre-planned weather dependent activity of sun tanning and swimming as well as 10% for picnicking, only a small percentage of 13% admitted to have checked the weather forecast before coming to Sentosa.

Reasons Behind the Industrial Revolution Essay -- Industrialization Pa

Reasons Behind the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was the widespread replacement of labor by machines driven by water wheels, windmills and later by steam power. This change called the Industrial Revolution was a process, which began in the 18th century and continued well into the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution was the result of interrelated changes, which transformed agricultural economies into industrial ones. The immediate changes made by the Industrial Revolution were the nature of productions. This included what was produced, as well as where and how they were produced. The Industrial Revolution replaced the Domestic System; this was when goods that were traditionally made in home or small workshops began to be manufactured in large factories. The Industrial Revolution overturned not only traditional economies but also whole societies. Economic changes caused far reaching social changes, including the movement of people to cities in search of work, the availability of a greater variety of materials, and new ways of doing business. These are a few of the several reasons why the Industrial Revolution was so important. This essay will explain what caused the massive change in Britain's industry. One major cause of the Industrial Revolution was Britain's population increase. Between 1780 and 1851, the population of Britain grew rapidly. Historians do not agree about the specific causes of the population explosion, but it is clear that two main factors were at work. These were the rising birth rate and the falling death rate. For a variety of reasons people lived longer and the death rate fell significa... ...the new ideas and inventions in industry. The reason for this is because if it weren't for Britain's population increases the development of the industries would not have been so important. Another reason why I think Britain's population increase was one of the major causes of the Industrial Revolution, this is because Britain's industry would not improved so well if Britain's population did not assist. This is due to the fact that Britain's population provided cheap labor to work in the factories made for Britain's industry. The reason why the inventions made in Britain helped so much in causing the Industrial Revolution was because the new inventions ensured that modernization in machines could speed up the production in goods; which was very important. This essay has explained why there was an Industrial revolution.

Jem and Scout in “To Kill a Mockingbird” Essay

Lawrence Kohlberg developed six culturally universal levels of moral development that can be applied to To Kill a Mockingbird. This book tells a story of the children growing up and their lives changing so we can observe the ascension of them through morality levels and the events that cause or show this. The main characters of this book were Jem and Scout who we first meet with morality levels 0 to 1. It is their experiences which cause them to ultimately arrive at a high level of morality and exhibiting characteristics of level 6. Early in the story Jem and Scout act with a level of 0 and 1 in my opinion for many reasons. The first indicator is their bluntness when they first met Dill. They don’t meet a whole lot of kids their age except at school for Jem, so when they talk to Dill they don’t show a lot of tact by outright asking him about things like his father. They are guided by what they want and not by others. Another is when Scout â€Å"beats up† Walter because he gets her in trouble so her motivation is based on consequences and she doesn’t have a real sense of others feelings but Jem starts his growth already as he invites Walter to eat with them. Jem has already started to grow and scouts begins to get a notion of fairness and what is right when she is condemned by her teacher for knowing how to read. This doesn’t make sense to her because she can read, which she thinks is good, but her teacher gets mad. Jem defends the teacher by saying she’s trying a new way but scout and Jem both know that it’s a good thing to read. This is the start of Scouts growth because Kohlberg believes that events shape the morality level and it is natural to ascend these levels as you grow. One of the big things that helps form the children’s morals throughout the book is Boo Radley. The children play games that portray their beliefs about Boo but Atticus scolds them for this and they might start to see him in a different way. Once they are in the middle of a thing at night and Jem loses his pants on the fence, when he goes back to get them the pants are mended and he is at first bothered by this. I think that this is the first time Jem realizes that Boo isn’t only the character that they see him as. He fixes the pants  so he may even care about the children. Another thing that shows that he cares is when he covers the children with a blanket. Scout still seems afraid but I think she sees that he might not be such a monster and that he was kind to them. One of the biggest themes in the book was also one of the events that definitely changed the way Jem saw things. When they are told to never kill a mockingbird Jem understands that your actions affect people and u have to think. If somebody helps you it is a sin to do anything to hurt somebody or something like that. Later on we see that Scout got some of the meaning but has to be reminded by Jem not to harm things without reason, this is why we know that Jem is rising through the levels. I think that it is hard to classify them by the end but they definitely do display level six characteristics. We can see this realization when Scout and Dill talk to Mr. Dolphus Raymond. Scout understands that it wouldn’t be socially acceptable and that society isn’t right to judge people like it does. She learns that injustice can happen all the time like Jem then does. He sees this in the conviction of an innocent man. Everyone knows that Tom Robinson did not do anything but because of social status he was condemned. Jem is distraught and shows that he knows this is wrong and that it was not right logically or morally to convict Tom Robinson. Scout show high morals at the end in seeing the hypocrisy in the town’s views on democracy and the racism. Scouts final realization of morality comes when she knows that it is Boo Radley who saved her and Jem. She sees that he is a man and that people shouldn’t be judged no matter how different. It is Boo who ultimately shows her this. Something I found interesting was that scout and Jem both achieved a high level long before the should have but it supported that life experiences shape a persons morals and even youth can have a high grasp of what is right and wrong. LEVEL STAGE SOCIAL ORIENTATION Pre-conventional 1 Obedience and Punishment 2 Individualism, Instrumentalism, and Exchange Conventional 3 â€Å"Good boy/girl† 4 Law and Order Post-conventional 5 Social Contract 6 Principled Conscience

Medival Warfare essays

Medival Warfare essays Medieval Warfare Amos 1 Warfare and Punishment during the Middle Ages were very brutal and used a variety of weapons, strategies, and torture devices. Spanning some 1,000 years of conflict, from the fifth to the 15th century, the Middle Ages was a period in which the mounted warrior, armored or otherwise, dominated the battlefield. This was particularly true of the nomadic warrior societies from the European steppes and Central Asia, who had a massive impact on settled society. (Gilbert 40) Many of these warrior societies turned themselves into Middle Age empires, awaiting to be conquered by another. The forces of Byzantium, or the Eastern Roman empire were defending remnants of Romes conquests. Eventually due to fierce pressure from the Turkic peoples, the army faltered and lost some of their territory. The Roman tradition did live on. While the Western half of Romes empire collapsed, the Eastern empire reasserted itself as a military force in the eastern Mediterranean, using combinations of infantry, cavalry, bowmen to defeat their less sophisticated foes (Gilbert 42). A very important element to the strength of the Byzantine empire, lay in its disciplined heavy cavalry- the cataphracts. These cavalry men were equipped with full metal scale armor which extended to cover the horse as well as the rider. Both men and horses were trained very rigorously and were capable of carrying out very complex and difficult objectives on the battlefield (Gilbert 43). These men were not only talented in the use of their lance or sword, but also very skilled bowmen which made them very intimidating adversaries. The role of calvary - and the status of the horse and its rider - was of paramount importance in the religiously inspired territorial expansion of the Arab tribes (Gilbert 46). The Islamic empire not only delivered serious blows to Byz...

Free Essays on Reconstruction Period

can be tangibly measured some way or another. A society is a group of people living in an environment. It can be most easily seen when broken down into different classes (upper, middle, and low), although a society can be as general as the world population. For example, initiating a census allows for the population of the entire world to be calculated. This is a tangible number that can be recorded. Another example of a society was the groups known as the â€Å"carpetbaggers†, and the â€Å"scalawags.† Carpetbaggers were white northerners that moved to the South to help with Reconstruction, and the scalawags were white southerners who also supported the Republican Party (Lichtenstein, Strasser, Rosenzweig - p.6). These groups were mainly low class farmers that were against the rich White southerners that had made a monopoly on farming. The black middle class also emerged as a society during this time. After blacks were guaranteed civil and political rights the y began creating churches and an organized school system. They even began encompassing state legislatures by winning elections and becoming invol... Free Essays on Reconstruction Period Free Essays on Reconstruction Period Society, economy, politics and culture are the four basic cornerstones that are constantly changing with time. These four basic elements are key factors in deciding exactly what type of â€Å"time,† people were living in. Understanding that these general terms relate directly and indirectly with one another allows for accurate hypotheses to be made about historical events and periods. Most of the examples used to help define each of the four categories range from the Civil war to the Post-Reconstruction era. The best way to help understand these topics is to sub-divide them into 2 categories. Society and economy fall under the â€Å"measurable,† division where as politics and cultures are under the â€Å"incalculable,† category. Society and economy are similar to each other in a way where the things that define these two words can be tangibly measured some way or another. A society is a group of people living in an environment. It can be most easily seen when broken down into different classes (upper, middle, and low), although a society can be as general as the world population. For example, initiating a census allows for the population of the entire world to be calculated. This is a tangible number that can be recorded. Another example of a society was the groups known as the â€Å"carpetbaggers†, and the â€Å"scalawags.† Carpetbaggers were white northerners that moved to the South to help with Reconstruction, and the scalawags were white southerners who also supported the Republican Party (Lichtenstein, Strasser, Rosenzweig - p.6). These groups were mainly low class farmers that were against the rich White southerners that had made a monopoly on farming. The black middle class also emerged as a society during this time. After blacks were guaranteed civil and political rights they began creating churches and an organized school system. They even began encompassing state legislatures by winning elections and becoming invol...

Optimising Exercise Technique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Optimising Exercise Technique - Essay Example Squats strengthen critical muscles in the body for instance; soleus, Sartorius, and glutes. They also reinforce the back chain of muscles that include; the hamstring, glute, and calves. Through doing squats as an exercise, an individual will be able to burn calories thus getting rid of extra fats from the body. Squats enhance the general body endurance as they will facilitate accomplishing other tasks and sporting activities (Strossen, 1989). Squatting involves five distinct steps that ought to be to achieve the best results. If squatting is not done in the right manner, it will lead to other problems since the person involved may develop irregular body growth due to lack of balance during the entire course. To begin with, the individual is supposed to grab the bar with a medium grip. The feet should be positioned directly below the bar assuming a perpendicular angle. The bar should be put on the rear shoulder and the traps during the shoulder being up with the upper back muscles remaining tight (Puddu, Giombini, & Selvanetti, 2001). The next step involves unracking the bar from its position by squatting up. It is achieved by the person taking a single backward step with one leg. After the bar has checked into position, you should stand steadily while the hips should lock to ensure maximum stability. Next, the individual should take a deep breath and hold it as he/she prepares to make the squat. The knees are pulled to the side while the hips move backward and downwards. The motion should continue to the point one breaks parallel. Breaking parallel is a position whereby the hips are below the knees (Magill et al., 2014). After breaking parallel, you should hold your breath while at the bottom. The entire movement is reversed by driving the hips upwards. The knees should be maintained out with the chest up, and the upper back muscles remaining tightly held to support the body from collapsing. Once you reach the

Discussion board reply Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Discussion board reply - Assignment Example I believe that organizations should open the jobs for everyone by removing the restricting clause of age. This would promote equal opportunities for people from diverse background and help recruitment officers get the best applicant for the job. It is incorrect to say that target recruiting zeroes in on those select applicants most likely to possess the skill, knowledge and interest needed for the job openings because there are better and fairer ways to recruit applicants who fit best to the job (Bagley, Dalton * Ortegren, 2013). Online job application is one of the most effective ways of advertising the job and getting applications from applicants from diverse background who may fit the job specification. Moreover, online advertising also facilitates screening and calling for interviews only those candidates who fulfill job specifications. Target recruitment promotes discriminatory practices and therefore should be avoided by organizations. In the current times of rising unemployment, target recruitment deprives eligible candidates of the job opportunities. As such, it should not be encouraged and government should come up with stringent measures to dissuade the practice of target

Is European Union undermining the sovereignty of its individual member Essay

Is European Union undermining the sovereignty of its individual member states - Essay Example The next case that further emphasized upon the sovereignty principle was Case 11/70 Internanationale Handelsgesellschaft GmbH3, whereby it was stated that even where the case was in respect of fundamental rules that had been established by way of the German Constitution, Community law would prevail over such national laws and rules. Another important case which can be cited in respect of the powers of the courts of the member states to respect the sovereignty of Community Law is Case 106/77 Simmenthal SpA (No.2)4 whereby it was stated that even a court of first instance were under a duty to set aside provisions of national law which were incompatible with Community law. Furthermore, there was no need to wait for the national law to be amended in accordance with the EC law and so the national law could be set aside where it was in conflict with a directly applicable or effective provision of the EC law. The duty to respect sovereignty of EC law was extended to administrative agency wh ich was dealing with a national insurance scheme who were said to have powers to set aside conflicting provision. (Case C-118/00 Larsy v. INASTI)5. It is important to mention here that even thought by virtue of the powers being given to courts and administrative agencies the national measure is held to be inapplicable, the Member State is still held to be under a continuing obligation to repeal the conflicting provisions. The Courts in Case 167/73 Commission v. France (French Merchant Seamen)6 for the sake of legal certainty expressly stated the Member States are under an obligation to repeal the offending or contradicting national provision or rule. A step forward in respect of this can be seen from the fact that even if there is not sufficient certainty as to whether a person has a Community law claim, the supremacy doctrine specifies that the national court should set aside the provisions that may prevent anyone from acquiring the full benefit of Community law, even if this is es tablished later in time. The concept can be seen to have been applied in Case C-213/89 R v. Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and others7 which was a case on Spanish fishermen who claimed that the UK Act prevented them from fishing in British water and therefore was in contradiction and breach of EC Treaty Articles. The fishermen sought interim relief in this respect; however, the problem that arose in this respect was that the courts in UK were not empowered to grant an injunction against the State, thereby suspending an Act of Parliament. The problem in this case was the if interim relief was not provided the Spanish fishermen would have been driven out of business and might have suffered huge losses and therefore a subsequent judgment would not in any way serve their purpose. The ECJ held that the act of Parliament must be set aside and subsequently the House of Lords granted an injunction. There has been a strong reaction by the national courts in respect of the concept of direct effect and supremacy which has been developed by the Court of Justice. The important point that needs to be looked into when determining the way how the EC law enters the Member State is dependent on the fact as to whether the member state is monist or a

Turbines Case Essay Example for Free

Turbines Case Essay Definition and historical background Claude Burdin (1788–1873) was the very first person to use the word turbine. The word came from the Latin term turbo/turbines, which means a â€Å"whirling† or a â€Å"vortex.† Burdin used the term to describe the subject matter of an engineering competition being held during that time for a water power source. It would be an oversimplification to describe turbine as a rotating machine that is used to derive power or electricity from the water; a common water wheel may not immediately or necessarily be a turbine, but it definitely is a rotating machine. A more precise definition of a turbine is that it is a machine â€Å"in which the water moves relatively to the surfaces of the machine, as distinguished from machines in which such motion is secondary, as with a cylinder and piston† (Daugherty and Franzini 1965, 213–214). More broadly, to include other types of turbine, it is one of those devices or machines that is being used to channel or convert energy from a stream of fluid (liquid or gas) into mechanical energy which would eventually be used to generate electrical energy, or to support or augment another utility/device. This is done as the stream passes through a system of fixed and moving fanlike blades which causes the latter to rotate. This device (turbine) looks like a large (and sometimes small) wheel with small radiating blades around its rim. The four general classes of turbines are water or hydraulic, wind, steam, and gas turbines. Water or hydraulic, wind, and steam turbines are generally used for the generation of electricity; while the remaining one, gas turbines, is mostly being used in aircrafts (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 2006). The principal components of simple turbines are the rotor, which in most if not all cases has blades projecting radially from the center to its periphery; the nozzles, where the working jet of fluid is directed and expanded; and blades, where the conversion of kinetic to mechanical energy takes place. Theoretical and operating principles Potential and kinetic energy both exist in a working fluid, which could be compressible or incompressible. Turbines collect this available energy by utilizing any or both of these physical principles: impulse turbines and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines change the direction of flow of a given high velocity fluid jet. The impulse, as a result of this, causes the turbine to spin or rotate, diminishing the kinetic energy of the fluid flow as this is absorbed by the device. In the case of flowing water, it comes available in purely mechanical form (water in nature is one of the most useful and efficient sources of kinetic energy). Scientific calculations show that 1 cubic meter of water can actually produce 9.8 kilojoules of pure mechanical energy for every meter that the volume of water descends. In the same way, a flow of the same volume of water for every second in a fall of 1 meter can provide 9.8 kilowatts, or 13 horsepower. Hydraulic turbines efficiency is estimated at approximately 1, meaning, almost all energy is available or utilized. This kinetic/mechanical energy can be converted to electrical energy with an efficiency of more than 95.0% (Calvert 2004). To get this much power from water, it should be extracted as it is lowered in elevation. The current in a stream, of course, is obvious. This flow comes from the open-channel movement or flow of water as influenced by gravitational forces. Simply put, holding a paddle-wheel in the stream of water will result to the paddle-wheel being rotated and from this outcome, power can be extracted (mechanical energy or electrical energy). This is an example of elementary impulse turbine, a machine acted upon by the impulse or force of moving or flowing water (Calvert 2004). In the case of reaction turbines, torque is developed as a result of fluids pressure or weight. The fluids pressure changes as it goes through the rotor blades of the turbine. There should be a pressure casement so as to contain and maintain the energy of the working fluid as it acts on the turbine stage(s). If there would be no pressure casement, the turbine must be immersed in the fluid flow, such as in the case of wind turbines. It is the casing that directs and contains the working fluid. In the case of water turbines, it maintains the suction which is imparted by the draft tube (Calvert 2004). A simple but very good example for this principle is the lawn sprinkler. In contrast to the impulse turbine, where the pressure change took place in the nozzle, the pressure change in reaction turbines occurs in the runner itself. This happens at the time that the force is exerted, hence, a reaction. Looking at the example of sprinkler, its duty is to spread water coming from it; the resulting energy from the turbine serves to move (rotate) the sprinkler head. Water flows from the center of the sprinkler going radially outward. Water under pressure comes from the center, and then jets of water that can possibly cover the area go out to the ends of the arms of the sprinkler at zero gauge pressure. The significant decrease in pressure takes place in the sprinklers arms. The water is projected at a certain angle to the radius, but it should be noted that the water from a working sprinkler actually moves along a defined radius. The jets of water do not impinge on a runner; but rather, they leave the runner, and this momentum is not converted into force, as opposed to an impulse turbine. The force residing on the runner reacts to the creation of the momentum, hence, the principle itself, reaction turbine (Calvert 2004). In any case, there is no restriction, as far as laws of physics are concerned, for any machine to utilize both principles. Many machines or devices use both of these principles as it is more efficient for the machine to be that way. Different kinds of turbines There are different kinds of turbines used in modern period: the water or hydraulic, steam, gas, and wind turbines. There are other types but these four are the most common and are usually the bases of any other turbines. Hydroelectric power stations utilize water, or hydraulic, turbine to drive their electric generators. Wisconsin, in 1882, witnessed the first of this kind of turbines. The processes taking place in a hydraulic turbine is simple: falling water hits a set of buckets or blades connected to a shaft. This impact will cause the shaft to rotate and move the rotors of the generator. The most common kinds of hydraulic turbine are the Francis turbine, Pelton wheel, and the Kaplan turbine. Two engineers, Sir Charles A. Parsons and Carl G. P. de Laval (of Great Britain and Sweden, respectively), pioneered the building of hydraulic turbines during the late 19th century. Continual developments and improvements of basic machines made hydraulic turbines to be the main power sources utilized to drive most large electric generators (Reynolds 1970). Another kind of turbine is the steam turbine. This is typically consist of conical steel shell that encloses a central shaft wherein a set of bladed disks are placed like washers. These blades are bent and extend outward (radially) from the edge of each disk. Some steam turbines have shafts that are surrounded by a drum wherein the rows of blades are attached. In between each pair of disks, there is a row of stationary vanes that are attached to the steel shell. These extend radially inward. Each set of vanes together with the bladed disk immediately situated/placed beside it constitutes one stage of the steam turbine. Most steam turbines have multistage engines (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia [Online edition], 2007). Steam turbines are used mostly for electricity generation in thermal power plants, (i.e., plants using fuel oil or coal, or nuclear power). Steam turbines were once used to drive mechanical devices such as in the case of ships propellers. However, most such applications now utilize an intermediate electrical step or reduction gears. Gas turbines are now used mostly for aircraft engines. But there are still some gas turbines being used to drive electric generators (i.e., in an electric–gas turbine locomotive) as well as high-speed tools. The essential components of a gas turbine are (a) compressor, (b) combustion chamber, and (c) turbine that somehow resembles that of a steam turbine (refer to the description in the previous paragraph). The compressor is driven by the turbine, and then provides high-pressure air into the combustion chamber. In this chamber, the high-pressure air is mixed with a fuel and then burned. This makes the high-pressure gas(es) drive the turbine, with the same gas(es) expanding until their pressure decreases and reaches atmospheric pressure (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia [Online edition], 2007). The last kind of turbine is the wind turbine, which as the name suggests converts the kinetic energy coming from the wind into mechanical and/or electrical energy. If the resulting mechanical energy is directly used by a nearby or even attached machinery (e.g., pump or grinding stones), the turbine device is usually referred to as a windmill. But if this mechanical energy is used to generate electricity, then, the device is called a wind turbine, wind generator, or wind energy converter (WEC; Reynolds 1970). Wind turbines can be three-bladed, two-bladed, or even one-bladed (counterbalanced). Computer-controlled motors point them to the direction of the winds. Danish turbine manufacturers have utilized the three-bladed turbine type. This type of wind turbine has high tip speeds (even reaching up to 6 times the speed of the wind), low torque ripple, and high efficiency, which contributes to the overall good reliability. This type of turbine is the one that is being commercially used to generate electricity. In many cases, the blades are colored in such a way that it blends with the clouds. The length of these blades usually ranges from 20 to 40 meters (or about 70 to 100 feet) or more, while the height is about 200 to 295 feet. Contemporary wind turbine models rotate at a speed of 16.6 rpm (revolution per minute). As a safety precaution to avoid overspeed damage, most wind turbines are equipped with automatic shutdown features during strong winds (Reynolds 1970; Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia 2007). There are other kinds of turbines, albeit fewer and smaller ones, in existence. These are the transonic turbines, contra-rotating turbines, statorless turbines, ceramic turbines, and shroudless turbine. Other uses of turbines Almost all electrical energy being used on Earth is generated with any one of the turbines discussed. Turbines with high efficiency can harness approximately 40% of the produced thermal energy, with the rest of the output exhausted as waste heat. Turbines are being utilized by most jet engines to provide mechanical energy from their fuel and working fluid as do most, if not all, power plants and nuclear ships. Reciprocating piston engines (like those found in aircraft engines) can utilize a turbine to drive an intake-air compressor. This configuration is known as the turbocharger (or turbine supercharger) or more colloquially known as â€Å"turbo.† Most turbines are capable of having very high power density the ratio of power to volume, or power to weight. This is due to their ability to function at extremely high speeds (Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia 2007). As of yet, no one has established any limitation for this invention of humankind. And with enough research and development, the present capability of these machines can even yield astonishing achievements. Woks Cited Calvert, J. B. â€Å"Turbines.† Date accessed: November 29, 2007 (http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/fluids/turbine.htm). Daugherty, R. L., and J. B. Franzini. Fluid Mechanics. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965. Reynolds, J. Windmills and Watermills. New York: Praeger, 1970. Strandh, S. A History of the Machine. New York: AW Publishers, 1979. â€Å"Turbine.† Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Date accessed: November 29, 2007 (http://www.answers.com/topic/turbine). â€Å"Turbine.† The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2003. Date accessed: November 29, 2007 (http://www.answers.com/topic/turbine). â€Å"Wind turbine.† Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Date accessed: November 29, 2007 (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_turbineoldid=173495357).